Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
equation that accounts for the degradation rate and formation rate of species within syno-
vial fluid. This can be represented as
@ð
Vc
Þ
i
@t
5
ðr
s
A
s
1
r
c
A
c
2
d
2
JÞ
i
The flow of species through the synovial space must also take into account a restricted diffu-
sion coefficient that is based on the restricted movement of ions through the joint space
D
i
5
De
ð
2
p
Þ
ð
a
a
Þ
1
1
11.4
Using standard engineering statics and dynamics courses, the forces within joints can be
solved by a direct summation of the forces that act within the joint and a summation of the
moments about a certain location within the joint:
X
-
5
m
-
and:
X
-
5
I
-
Recall from a mechanics of materials course that the deformation of a material can be
described by the stress, strain, and elastic modulus. This is formulated as
F
A
σ
5
and:
ε
5
E
5
Δ
l
l
11.5
Synovitis is a condition that is characterized by an inflammation within the synovial mem-
brane. This process alters the formation of synovial fluid, and therefore, the overall lubrica-
tion of the joint space will be diminished. This would eventually lead to an abrasive wear
of the cartilage and possible the bone itself. A second possible outcome of synovitis is that
the quantity of synovial fluid that is produced remains the same but the composition of the
fluid changes. Typically, there would be a decrease in the viscosity of the synovial fluid,
which would tend to decrease its lubricating efficiency (and the fluid would not withstand
the same amount of loads as under normal conditions).
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
11.1
The formation of blood cells occurs within what component of the bones?
11.2
There are four critical functions of bones which include the protection of internal organs,
support of the body, blood cell protection, and regulation of internal calcium concentra-
tion. Discuss how bones conduct each of these four tasks.
11.3
What are the structural and functional differences between the diaphysis and the
epiphysis?
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