References - Artificial Muscles - page 419

Umemoto, S., N. Okui, and T. Sakai. 1991. Contraction behavior of poly(acrylonitrile) gel
fibers. In Polymer gels , ed. D. DeRossi et al. New York: Plenum Press, 257-270.
Urayama, K., T. Takaigawa, T. Masuda, and S. Kohjiya. 1994. Stress relaxation and creep of
polymer gels in solvent under various deformation modes. In preprints of the Sapporo
symposium on intelligent polymer gels . (October 6-8, Sapporo, Japan), 89-90.
Vander A. J., J. H. Sherman, and D. S. Luciano. 1985. Human physiology, the mechanism of
body function , 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 255-298.
van der Veen, G., and W. Prins. 1971. Photomechanics directed bending of a polymer film
by light. Phys. Sci . 230:70.
Veltink, P. H., H. J. Chizeck, P. E. Crago, and A. El-Bialy. 1992. Nonlinear joint angle control
for artificially stimulated muscle. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 39(4):368-380.
Verbrugge, M. W., and R. F. Hill. 1993. Ion and solvent transport in ion-exchange membranes.
J. Electrochem. Soc . 140(5):1218-1225.
Wang, G. 1998. A general design of bias force shape memory alloy (BFSMA) actuators and
an electrically controlled SMA knee and leg muscle exerciser for paraplegics and
quadriplegics. Ph.D. diss. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque.
Wang, G., and M. Shahinpoor. 1997a. Design for shape memory alloy rotatory joint actuators
using shape memory effect and pseudoelastic effect. Smart Mater. Technol. 3040:23-30.
———. 1997b. Design, prototyping and computer simulation of a novel large bending actuator
made with a shape memory alloy contractile wire. Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J.
6(2):214-221.
———. 1997c. A new design for a rotatory joint actuator made with shape memory alloy
contractile wire. Int. J. Intelligent Mater. Syst. Struct . 8(3):191-279.
———. 1998. Design of a knee and leg muscle exerciser using a shape memory alloy rotary
actuator. In Proceedings of SPIE smart materials and structures conference . (March
3-5, San Diego, CA), publication no. 3324-29.
Wang, Q., X. Du, B. Xu, and L. E. Cross. 1999. Electromechanical coupling and output
efficiency of piezoelectric bending actuators. IEEE Trans. Ultrasonic, Ferroelectrics
Frequency Control 46(3):638-646.
Wang, T. T., J. M. Herbert, and A. M. Glass, eds. 1988. The applications of ferroelectric
polymers . New York: Chapman & Hall.
Webb, P. W., and D. Weihs. 1983. Fish biomechanics . New York: Praeger.
Weiss, K. D., J. D. Carlson, and D. A. Nixon. 1994. Viscoelastic properties of magneto- and
electro-rheological fluids. J. Intelligent Mater. Syst. Struct. 5:772-775.
Whiting, C. J., A. M. Voice, P. D. Olmsted, and T. C. B. McLeish. 2001. Shear modulus of
polyelectrolyte gels under electric field. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13:1381-1393.
Williams, W., and D. Bannister. Gray's anatomy , 37th ed., Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill
Livingstone. 614-616.
Winter, D. A. 1990. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement . New York: Wiley-
Interscience.
Winter, D., R. W. Norman, R. P. Wells, K. C. Hayes, and A. E. Patla. 1985a. Biomechanics
IX—A, international series on biomechanics, vol. 5A. In Proceedings of ninth inter-
national congress of biomechanics . (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada), Human Kinetics
Publishers, Inc.
———. 1985b. Biomechanics IX—B, International series on biomechanics, vol. 5B. In
Proceedings of ninth international congress of biomechanics . (Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada), Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.