Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
0.9
0.8
Force (grams)
for Na based
Force (grams)
for H based
Force (grams)
for Li based
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
13
25
37
49
61
73
85
97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241
Time duration (5 sec)
FIGURE 6.25
Force improvement by chemical tweaking showing the effect of changing
cations from H+ to Na+ to Li+.
2.0
Nafion-117
TM
Sinusoid input
Vinput = 1.2 V
rms
ω
= 1/2 Hz
L = 1"
,
W
= 0.25",
m
~0
.
2
g
1.5
1.0
0.5
Na
+
Li
+
K
+
H
+
Ca
++
Mg
++
Ba
++
0.0
Counter ion
FIGURE 6.26
Experimental evidence for the effect of different ions and their hydration
numbers on the tip force and thus deformation of an IPMNC strip.
Application of an electric field creates a potential according to the Poisson's
equation, such that
ρ
*( , , , )
xyzt
2
∇
φ
(,,,)
xyzt
= −
(6.114)
ε
