Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Polarity change (under 5 V)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Time (sec)
FIGURE 4.116
Force changes from switching polarity.
Curve fitting (7 V)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.5
1
1.5 2
Displacement of fiber (mm)
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
FIGURE 4.117
Force versus displacement, under 7 V.
dv
dt
*
2
ρ
=+ +∇−∇
ρ
gE
ρ
µ
v
p
(4.18)
where
ρ
is the density of the liquid solvent, which is assumed to be incompressible
v
is the three-dimensional liquid velocity vector
∇
is the gradient vector operator
∇
2
is the Laplacian operator
g
is the local gravitational acceleration vector
µ
is the solvent viscosity
p
is a hydrostatic pressure
E
is the imposed electric field vector
