Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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FIGURE 3.18
Four-point probe surface resistivity measurement on Taguchi samples. (Sha-
hinpoor, M. and K. J. Kim. 2001g.
Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J
. 10:819-833.)
10-cm strip for the ion-exchange
process. Each IPMNC sample was treated to contain nine different counter-ions
(Na
+
, Li
+
, K
+
, H
+
, Ca
++
, Mg
++
, Ba
++
, R
n
NH
4
+
4-n
[tetrabuthylammonium (TBA)], and
tetramethylammonium (TMA)], respectively) by soaking it in an appropriate salt
solution (1.5
N
of NaCl, LiCl, KCl, HCl, CaCl
2
, MgCl
2
, BaCl
2
, CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
NBr
(TBA), and (CH
3
)
4
NBr (TMA), respectively) at moderate temperatures of 30
nine samples were cut in a standard size of a 2-
×
C for
three days. All chemicals were obtained from Aldrich Chemical and used without
further treatment. Test conditions were: waveform = sinusoidal,
E
app
= 1.2 V
rms
, and
frequency of 0.5 Hz.
Figure 3.22 summarizes the test results in terms of the maximum force generated
(= blocking force) by each IPMNC sample (at zero displacement) containing various
cations, under a given voltage of 1.2 V
rms
relative to the Na
+
-containing IPMNC
artificial muscle. A total of 13 measurements per each sample was taken. The error
bars represent their corresponding standard deviations in figure 3.22.
As observed, the Li
+
-containing IPMNC is superior to the others, meaning that
hydration processes with respect to mobile cations play a significant role in actuation
behavior. Also, the samples with TBA and TMA show much smaller force generation
°
