Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Energy balance
Energy intake
Total energy
expenditure
Diet
•
Energy-dense food
•
•
Basal metabolic
rate
Childhood and
adolescent obesity
•
•
Diet-induced
thermogenesis
Body mass index
•
Waist circumference
Skinfold thickness
•
Body fatness
•
Other factors
Energy cost of
physical activity
•
Socioeconomic
status
•
Sleep
•
Parental
determinants
Physical fitness
•
Genetics
Physical activity
•
•
Body composition
•
Ethnic difference
•
Muscular
Frequency
Gestational weight
•
•
Flexibility
•
Intensity
•
Intrauterine
condition
Cardiorespiratory
•
•
Type
Metabolic
•
•
Duration
Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework describing the factors associated with childhood and
adolescent obesity.
is the major contributor to the increasing childhood obesity rates in both
developed and developing countries.
Figure 2.1
presents the conceptual framework identifying several major
factors that may contribute to childhood and adolescent obesity. On the
whole, energy balance varies depending on energy intake and EE, and a pos-
itive balance over a period of time is known to be the basic cause of obesity
development in childhood and adolescence. It is now known that there are
also numerous other factors associated with this global epidemic. However,
in this review, we will only focus on the linkages between PA and its energy
cost, as well as PF in relation to overweight and obesity status, and their
implications for children and adolescents living in tropical countries.
2.4. Global data on overweight and obesity in the tropics
The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) was conducted by
WHO to determine the overall health status of adolescents in developing
nations since 2003. The survey involved primarily school-age adolescents
(13-15 years) in low and middle-income countries (
WHO, 2011
). Out
of 104 countries involved in this survey, 46 are located in the tropical region.
