Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3 The structure of passenger car fleet (in 1,000) in Poznan agglomeration in 2013 (Own
research, based on KBR 2013 ; GUS 2014a )
Area
Engine displacement (cm 3 )
Up to 1,399
1,400-1,999
Over 2,000
Petrol
Diesel
Petrol
Diesel
Petrol
Diesel
96.5
41.4
98.1
42.0
19.1
8.2
Poznan
56.1
30.2
55.2
29.7
9.5
5.1
Poznan district
10.7 kWh/l, so within a year the consumption was 106 GWh. The mean energy
expenditure for buses was 29.22 kWh/100 pkm (5.84 kWh/vehicle-km). This value
was achieved at the bus occupancy of 20 passengers, whereas the average capacity
of buses is 125 (standing and seating capacity).
It might seem that due to such excess supply of space in buses, the capacity
of the utilized vehicles should be lowered. However, the demand is varied and
occupancy at traffic rush hours is so high that a lower bus capacity would lead to
the necessity of increasing the frequency of operation and introducing additional
vehicles. This is not a good solution though as analyzing fuel consumption norms
set by MPK reveals that the differences in fuel consumption between different
bus types are not so huge. For example, an 8.6-m Solaris Alpino, which meets the
EEV standard, has a fuel consumption standard of 32 l/100 km (0.63 l/100 km
per passenger place, or 0.63 l/100 pkm at full capacity (the author will hereaf-
ter be using this measure). 12-m-long, 104-passenger Solaris buses use between
37 and 39 l/100 km, depending on the engine type. The buses manufactured by
MAN use between 37 and 43 l/100 km and their capacity is 94-107 passengers.
So the fuel consumption fluctuates between 0.36 l/100 and 0.4 l/100 km. The
longest, 18-m Solaris buses can carry up to 175 passengers or, in the case of
MAN buses—168 passengers at 50 l/100 km for Solaris or 50-51 l/100 km for
MAN with the consumption at the level of 0.29-0.3 l/100 pkm. This means the
energy efficiency of the largest buses is twice as high as of the smallest buses in
use (MPK 2014 ).
Without doubt, the highest transport performance is obtained by passenger
cars—over 11.5 million pkm/day. At average occupancy rate of 1.4 passenger
means 8.2 million vehicle km (KBR 2013 ). The breakdown of cars in terms of
engine displacement and type of fuel used was analysed. 7 Then it was adjusted
against the data derived from the Comprehensive Traffic Survey (KBR) and com-
bined it with the number of vehicles registered in Poznan agglomeration. Thus, a
detailed chart was arrived at for passenger cars in use (Table 3 ).
Fuel consumption can differ from individual to individual for a number of rea-
sons: engine displacement, fuel type, driving style (aggressive, ecodriving) as well
as the characteristics of the surrounding area and traffic intensity (city, motorway,
combined), congestion level and other factors. Especially congestion influences
7 LPG powered cars were qualified as diesel cars due to their comparable energy consumption
per unit of distance.
 
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