Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
tissue volume. Significant damage to tissue collagen is a much
more severe sort of thermal damage, and is predicted to have
dimensions similar to the apoptosis/necrosis volume; conse-
quently, collagen effects should swamp out all other histologi-
cally observable processes in this volume. It is interesting that
we could also reasonably expect to observe collagen jellification
near the tissue surface.
5. Godwin BL, Coad JE. Healing Responses Following
Cryothermic and Hyperthermic Tissue Ablation.
Energy-
based Treatment of Tissue and Assessment V
; 2009; San Jose,
CA, Proceedings of SPIE, Bellingham, WA; p. 718103-1-9.
6. He X, Bischof JC. Quantification of Temperature and
Injury Response in Thermal Therapy and Cryosurgery.
C
ritical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
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355-421.
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J, Riess H et al. Hyperthermia in Combined Treatment of
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The Lancet Oncology
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8. Lim C-U, Zhang Y, Fox MF. Cell Cycle Dependent
Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Blocks Induced by Hyperthermia
in HL-60 Cells.
International Journal of Hyperthermia
.
2006; 22(1): 77-91.
9. Bhowmick P, Coad JE, Bhowmick S, Pryor JL, Larson T et al.
In Vitro A
ssessment of the Efficacy of Thermal Therapy in
Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.
International Journal
of
Hyperthermia
. 2004; 20(4): 412-39.
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Leakage of Macromolecules in Living Tissue.
Journal of
Biomechanical Engineering
. 1978; 100(3): 153-8.
11. Aggarwal SJ, Shah SJ, Diller KR, Baxter CR. Fluorescence
Digital Microscopy of Interstitial Macromolecular Diffusion
in Burn Injury.
Computers in Biology and Medicine
. 1989;
19(4): 245-61.
12. Taormina M, Diller KR, Baxter CR. Burn Induced Alteration
of Vasoactivity in the Cutaneous Microcirculation.
Heat
and Mass Transfer in the Microcirculation of Thermally
Significant Vessels
; 1986; Anaheim, CA. American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division; pp. 81-5.
13. He X, Bischof JC. he Kinetics of Thermal Injury in Human
Renal Carcinoma Cells.
Annals of Biomedical Engineering
.
2005; 33(4): 502-10.
14. Gourgouliatos ZF, Welch AJ, Diller KR. Microscopic
Instrumentation and Analysis of Laser-tissue Interaction
in a Skin Flap Model.
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
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1991; 113(3): 301-7.
15. Hoffmann NE, Bischof JC. Cryosurgery of Normal and
Tumor Tissue in the Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber: Part I—
Thermal Response.
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
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2001; 123(4): 301-9.
16. Hoffmann NE, Bischof JC. Cryosurgery of Normal and
Tumor Tissue in the Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber: Part II—
Injury Response.
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
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2001; 123(4): 310-6.
17. Pearce JA. Corneal Reshaping by Radio Frequency Current:
Numerical Model Studies.
Thermal Treatment of Tissue:
Energy Delivery and Assessment;
Proceedings of SPIE—
The International Society for Optical Engineering; 2001,
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18. Nimmi ME. Ch. 1: Molecular Structures and the Functions
of Collagen. In
Collagen: Vol. 1, Biochemistry.
Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press; 1988, pp. 1-78.
2.6 Summary
Quantitative predictions of thermal damage in tissues yield
unique insights into governing processes, much more so than
predictions of temperature fields alone. An Arrhenius integral
approach yields more insight than the thermal dose—that is,
“cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C”—that is most often
used in hyperthermia treatment since CEM values only provide
comparisons to the reference point. Thermal dose units do accu-
rately compare diverse thermal histories, and have been used for
many years for that purpose. At the same time, however,
R
CEM
= 0.5 is quite appropriate for several important reference cell
lines, as demonstrated by Sapareto et al,
(31)
Overgaard et al,
(56)
and others—it's just not appropriate for all thermal damage pro-
cesses, as can easily be seen in Table 2.1, and doesn't seem to
provide useful results at high temperatures.
The number of processes for which Arrhenius parameters
are available is actually quite large, much larger than just those
that have been included in this chapter. In fact, any process for
which either
R
CEM
or the rate constant,
E
a
, is known can be con-
verted into an Arrhenius model by application of Wright's line,
Equations 2.11a,b, if needed.
It is a worthwhile exercise to apply the absolute reaction rate
formulation to assess and compare thermal treatments, espe-
cially for the case of shorter heating times at higher tempera-
tures, such as are typical of ablation procedures.
references
1. Pearce JA. Models for Thermal Damage in Tissues:
Processes and Applications.
Critical Reviews in Biomedical
Engineering
. 2010; 38(1): 1-20.
2. Pearce JA, Thomsen S. Ch. 17: Rate Process Analysis of
Thermal Damage. In: Welch AJ, vanGemert MJC, eds.
Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue
. New
York: Plenum Press; 1995. pp. 561-606.
3. Thomsen S, Pearce JA. Ch. 13: Thermal Damage and Rate
Processes in Biologic Tissue. In: Welch AJ, van Gemert
MJC, eds.
Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated
Tissue.
2nd ed. Dordrecht (The Netherlands): Springer-
Verlag; 2011.
4. Thomsen S. Targeted Thermal Injury: Mechanisms of Cell
and Tissue Death.
Energy-based Treatment of Tissue and
Assessment V
; 2009; San Jose, CA. Proceedings of SPIE,
Bellingham, WA; pp. 718102-1-15.
