Sample Processing - Waterborne Pathogens: Detection Methods and Applications - page 72

recovery rates from seeding experiments using different types of water and
filtration/elution techniques are given in Table 4.1 .
4.3.2. NanoCeram
A recently available NanoCeram cartridge filter (Argonide Corp.), contain-
ing nanoalumina fibers ( Fig. 4.3 ), has the capacity to adsorb nanoparticles,
latex microspheres, bacteria, viruses, and bacteriophages from water over
a wide range of pH, turbidity, and salinity conditions. 22 NanoCeram car-
tridge filters have been demonstrated to be useful as a primary concentra-
tion step for enteroviruses and norovirus (NoVs) from source waters, having
similar or better efficiency in the recovery of those viruses as the commonly
used electropositive 1MDS cartridge filters. 7 Furthermore, the unit cost of
the NanoCeram cartridge filter is one-tenth of a 1MDS cartridge filter. 13
In general, studies consistently show RNA viruses to have a higher
recovery rate as compared to DNA viruses, 6,7,13 regardless of different
eluting solutions. In 2011, Lee and co-workers evaluated various elution
buffers to release NoVs (murine norovirus/NoV) from the NanoCeram
microfilters and found the most efficient recoveries using beef extract—
Tween80 (0.01%) (23.4/85.7%) opposed to beef extract—glycine (0.05 M)
(18.3/26.5%). 26 Further, in 2010, Gibbons et al. found that the elution
of adenovirus/NoV could be increased from 1.0/88% to 1.4/119% if the
concentration of Tween80 was increased from 0.01% to 0.1% ( Fig. 4.4 ). 24
Additionally, while using the beef extract—glycine buffer, a second rinse for
15 min improved poliovirus recoveries from 48% to 77%. 7
Using organic flocculation (sodium phosphate pH 9.0-9.5) as a sec-
ondary concentration, Lee 2012 found a higher recovery rate of murine
norovirus/NoV GII-4 (42.0/86.6%) opposed to precipitation with PEG
8000 (18.6/73.6%) and 6000 (12.5/11.1). 26
A reliable reproducibility in the recovery of RNA and DNA viruses
both as infectious viral particles and viral genome has been reported. 13 This
consistency in recovery of viral nucleic acids from different enteric viruses
and enteroviruses was also found by Karim et al. and Ikner et al., 6,7 while
differences in recoveries of viral nucleic acids (0.4%-20%) and infectious
viruses (21%-182%) have been reported. 27
The NanoCeram filter is capable of adsorbing viruses in a wide range
of turbidity and salinity conditions as well as pH. 25 This was confirmed
in studies showing no significant difference in recoveries of adenovirus
from deionized, tap, and river water samples 13 or poliovirus from tap water
with a pH range from 6 to 9.5. 7 In contrast, based on NoV detection using