Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Alternative fecal indicators
Bacteroides
spp.
Bifidobacterium
spp.
Clostridium perfringens
Presence in the feces and
environmental waters
Significant portion of fecal
bacteria in warm-blooded
animals; host-specific dis-
tribution of species; wide
geographical distribution of
human-specific genetic marker
Significant portion of fecal
bacteria in warm-blooded ani-
mals; host-specific distribution
of species; similar frequency and
distribution of species of human
fecal isolates and isolates from
raw sewage
Entirely of fecal origin from
warm-blooded animals;
consistently present in
sewage and in aquatic
sediments; species vary among
different animals; may indicate
remote or old fecal pollution
Ability to multiply and
survive in water
environment
Short survival time in nonhost
environments; unable to
replicate after releasing into
water body; seasonable changes
in persistence; effect of
temperature and predation on
survival rates; long persistence
of DNA marker in water
Short survival time in nonhost
environments; unable to
multiply in oxygenated
nonhost environments; low
frequency of detection and
recovery from warm waters;
inhibition of the recovery
due to background bacteria
Extreme stability to
environmental factors
(more stable in
environmental waters
than pathogens); no
effect of temperature
and predation
Correlation with
pathogens or
waterborne disease
No sufficient data on survival
and correlation with
pathogens
No sufficient data on survival and
correlation with pathogens
Good correlation with some
pathogens; might indicate the
efficiency of inactivation and
removal of viruses, cysts and
oocysts; high correlation with
diarrhea disease levels
Continued
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