Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
RAW SAMPLE
MICROFLUIDIC TECHNOLOGY
TECHNIQUES
- Magnetic capture
- Dielectrophoresis
- Mechanical filtration
Micromixers; immunomagnetic beads;
dielectrophoresis chips; microfilters.
Microbiological
cell isolation
Micromixers; minisonicators; microfilters;
microfabricated thermal cyclers;
microelectrode-based electrical lysers.
- Chemical lysis
- Mechanical lysis
- Thermal lysis
- Electroporation
Cell lysis
On-chip channels of cellulose, silica beads,
and silica resins; silicon dioxide pillar arrays;
photoactivated polycarbonate surfaces.
Nucleic acid
extraction and
purification
- Silica-based resins
- Glass matrix
- Capture membranes
Microfabricated reaction chambers;
flow-through PCR chips; resistive heaters;
convection-driven PCR chips.
Polymerase
chain reaction
Nucleic acid
amplification
Microchips for detection using
fluorescence, SPR, SERS, nanoparticles,
label and label-free electrochemical
methods, QCM, and microcantilevers.
- Optical
- Electrochemical
- Mechanical
Product detection
RESULT
Figure 10.8 Overview of the techniques and microfluidics technologies employed in
molecular methods. SERS, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; SPR, surface plas-
mon resonance. Source: Reproduced from Ref. 4 . (For color version of this figure, the
reader is referred to the online version of this topic.)
the serpentine channel, compared to static reactor volume, and thus sig-
nificant adsorption of reagents could occur. There are several commercially
available static PCR systems but as yet no flow-through devices.
In addition to these two main approaches, other methods such as oscil-
latory PCR, convective PCR, and continuous flow thermal gradient PCR
have been developed. A pocket-sized convective PCR system developed
by Agrawal et al. in 2007 was the cheapest prototype molecular method
lab-on-a-chip, costing just $10 for the hardware and a few cents per reac-
tion. 93 The continuous flow thermal gradient is the first demonstration of a
real-time flow-through system. 94 Another emerging type of PCR is droplet
PCR though at present it is very expensive ( Fig. 10.8 ).
Microfluidic systems for isothermal molecular methods have also been
developed. Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) has been
demonstrated on-chip. 95-97 So far with lab-on-a-chip systems for molecular
 
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