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motivation, excessive mental and physical workload. They can also come from
time pressure or missing tools. We aim to emulate the deviated behaviors that
could occur (errors, failure or botching) with a reasonable level of faithfulness.
The scientific interests related to our work correspond to the following ques-
tions: how to represent in a faithful way the activity of a real operator in virtual
environment? How do operators work in a deteriorated environment ? How do
experts operate deviations and take some risks ?
In this paper we first present some models issued from cognitive studies de-
signed for modeling errors and deviated human behaviors. Then we introduce
our approach. After that, we present how we integrate these models into the
decisional process of an operator and we finally present some results.
2
Errors and Behaviors Model
To understand the consequences of deviated behaviors on an organizational, hu-
man and technical system it is useful to introduce models that describe variable,
contextual, erroneous and some time partial decisional process. Researches on
human error produced various models and classifications to explain or predict
errors occurrence in human behavior : decision scale of Rasmussen [10], human
error mechanism [11], control mode and erroneous actions [4] [5] [8].
Rasmussen [10] classified human performance into three categories : Skill,
Rule and Knowledge (SRK).
Skill-based behaviors
are routine activities con-
ducted automatically and do not required conscious allocation of attentional
resources. Behaviors are skill-based when human performance is determined by
stored, preprogrammed patterns of instructions.
Rule-based behaviors
are activ-
ities controlled by a set of stored rules or procedures. The distinction between
behaviors classified as skill-based and rule-based depends on the attention and
training level of each individual.
Knowledge-based behaviors
are those in which
stored rules no longer apply and a novel situation is presented for which a plan
must be developed to solve a problem. In contrast to set rules, plans are often
required to be changed based on the situation. Attentional resources must be
allocated to the behavior and, therefore, the performance of knowledge-based
behaviors is goal-controlled.
Reason [11], based on Rasmussen considerations, proposed a classification and
differentiated three types of errors:
1.
Errors founded on automatism
, where actions deviate from followed inten-
tion, further to faults in execution (wool-gathering) or the stocking (mem-
ory), or else further to the application of an inadequate automatism (press on
the bad key). We can perceive these errors only during the action execution.
2.
Errors founded on rules
, consist of a bad application of rules during the
resolution of a problem (for example use the bad algorithm of resolution).
3.
Errors founded on knowledge
, consist of a bad use of knowledge while resolv-
ing a problem.
