Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Problem-solving is one of main capabilities of human intelligence and has been
studied in both cognitive science and AI [10], where it is addressed in conjunction
with reasoning centric cognitive functions such as attention, control, memory,
language, reasoning, learning, and so on. We need to better understand how
human being does complex adaptive, distributed problem solving and reasoning,
as well as how intelligence evolves for individuals and societies, over time and
place [5,8,15,17,19,21].
As a step in this direction, a series of EEG/ERP experiments have been
performed to explore the neural basis of human computation processing [9]. It
includes the mental arithmetic tasks with visual stimuli for obtaining EEG/ERP
human brain data as an example to investigate human problem solving process.
ERP is a light and sound brain potential produced with respect to the specific
phenomenon of spontaneous movement [4]. In addition to using the traditional
analysis tools, we have observed that EEG/ERP data are
with respect
to a specific state or the related part of a stimulus by using an agent-enriched
peculiarity oriented mining (A-POM) as a knowledge discovery approach that
automates EEG/ERP data analysis and understanding [21]. Also to our best
knowledge, this study is the first time to combine EEG/ERP with ACT-R.
peculiar
3
Experimental Design of Mental Arithmetic Tasks
3.1
Outline of Experiments
Figure 1 gives an example of computation processing from the macro viewpoint,
which consists of several component functions of the human computation mech-
anism, including attention, interpretation, short-term memory, understanding
of work, computation, and checking. Based on the brain informatics method-
ology, the data obtained from a cognitive experiment and/or a set of cognitive
experiments expect to be used for multi-purpose. For example, it is possible that
our experiments meet the following requirements: investigating the mechanisms
of human visual and auditory systems, computation, problem-solving (i.e. the
computation processing is regarded as an example of problem-solving processes),
and spatiotemporal characteristics and flow of HIPS in general. Furthermore, we
set multiple diculty levels with respect to a series of computation tasks in a
set of experiments.
More specifically, the task of our cognitive experiments is to show a numerical
calculation problem to a human subject, and to ask the subject to solve it in
mental arithmetic. The numerical calculation used in the experiments is the
addition problem with the following form: “augend + addend = sum” for
on-
task
that is the state on which the human subject is calculating by looking at
a number. Furthermore, we also need to define another state called
off-task
on
which the human subject is looking at the number that appears at random.
Figure 2 shows an example of the screen state transition. For the current
case study, we set two diculty levels: level 1 is two digits addition without
carry and level 2 is two digits addition with carry, in order to investigate the
