Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
11 %, total soil organic content (SOC)
=
5.85 kg C m
−
2
, total N
=
0.66 kg N m
−
2
,
bulk density 0.96 g soil cm
−
3
. The vineyard covers an area of approximately
2.5 1 km cultivated with Vitis vinifera L. cultivar “Teroldego rotaliano”, and
includes small patches of apple trees. The vegetation is about 2.0 m tall with more
than 50 % ground shading. Mass and energy fluxes have been continuously meas-
ured since 2008 at the site with an Eddy Covariance system mounted at 7 m height.
The growing season starts in the middle of March and lasts until the end of
September with maximum carbon dioxide uptake at the end of April (for high
radiation and water availability) and in July. During the winter season (from
October to March) the vineyard acted as a carbon source.
2.2.26 Vigevano (IT-Vig)
The experimental site is located near the town of Vigevano (45.29591° N; 8.87554°
E, 117 m.a.s.l.) in the Lombardy Region, in the Province of Pavia and it consists
of a poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) (
P. generosa
P. nigra
clone Pegaso) of
about 80 ha. The traditional agricultural land use of the area is a corn-rice rota-
tion transformed into SRC in March 2004 by planting one year old seedlings in a
double row design with a spacing of 2.8 0.75 0.45 m corresponding to a den-
sity of 12.500 plants ha
−
1
. Before planting, soil was ploughed and disk-harrowed.
After planting, a pre-emergent herbicide was applied at 2 kg ha
−
1
with a pull type
sprayer. In the following years weed control was done mechanically four times in
spring and summer with a rototiller. From May to September the experimental field
was irrigated with a volume of water of 1,500 m
−
3
ha
−
1
. Poplar shoots were har-
vested and chipped annually during winter with a special harvester and used in a
nearby incinerator for energy production. No fertilizer was applied during the first
three years of SRC cultivation. The soil is from fluvial sediments and has a sandy
loam texture (53 % sand, 30 % silt and 17 % clay), bulk density is 1.21 g cm
−
3
,
pH (H
2
O) is 6.5 in the uppermost 32 cm. The net primary production (NPP) as
measured as sum of stem
+
branch, coarse roots, fine roots, stump, leaf litter and
fine root litter increased in 2004-2006 from 0.69 to 1.05 to 1.3 kg C m
−
2
year
−
1
.
The height of the canopy reached 4.5 m in one year, the LAI peaked in July-
August at 4.2. The average specific leaf area (SLA) of poplar leaves was 296.56
(60.09) cm
2
g DM
−
1
. The climate of the site is classified as Humid Subtropical-
Mid Mild Latitude (Cfa)—Koppen Climate Classification, with an average annual
rainfall of around 1,000 mm and an average temperature of about 12.5 °C.
2.3 Example of Measurements
The NEE measurements using the Eddy Covariance technique are typically half
hourly average values expressed in
ʼ
mol CO
2
m
−
2
s
−
1
. The data can be clearly
used to calculate daily to annual sums and budgets which are then expressed in
