Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 2
Identifying the Water Conservation Potential
of Neighborhoods in Phoenix, Arizona:
An Integrated Socio-spatial Approach
Kelli L. Larson, Dorothy C. Ibes, and Elizabeth A. Wentz
Abstract A key strategy for sustainable water resource management in cities is
enhancing water use efficiencies in the residential sector, which accounts for a
significant portion of overall demand. Through a novel approach integrating metered
water use with social survey data in a Geographic Information System, we examine
how residents' perceptions about water consumption correspond to actual residential
demand in Phoenix, Arizona neighborhoods. By integrating disparate research
approaches, we develop a typology characterizing the socio-spatial relationship
between water use, perceptions, and additional determinants of neighborhood
water demand. Our findings reveal areas where perceptions do and do not corre-
spond with actual water use rates, thereby informing conservation efforts. Of critical
importance to water managers, we pinpoint areas where reducing high consumption
rates are confounded by residents' perceptions of low usage rates.
Keywords Water conservation • GIS • Water use • Demand planning
2.1
Introduction
By 2025 two billion people worldwide will face water shortages (WHO
2008
).
Although water scarcity in relatively poor, undeveloped countries is a critical
consideration for meeting basic water needs, wealthy developed nations are also
at risk. Because per capita water demand in developed countries is ten times higher
than in poorer nations (Kirby
2003
), the potential for enhanced water use efficiency
is substantial. The risk of water scarcity is perhaps most pronounced in arid cities,
