Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 7.17
Deteriorated rock
bolt with proving
ring. Jeffrey
s
Mount, above M6
near Tebay, UK.
'
Face place
assemblage
missing
Rusted dynamometer
and face plate. This
detail was supposed to
be protected by a
polythene cap.
also fail due to corrosion in other situations, including holding down
anchors for concrete dams (Cederstrom et al ., 2005). Similar problems
can arise with corrosion of steel piles or of steel reinforcement within
concrete piles, especially in aggressive environments such as at the coast.
These issues need to be addressed by the designer.
7.6.3 Explosive gases: Abbeystead, UK
In 1984, a methane gas explosion destroyed a valve house at
Abbeystead waterworks in Lancashire. Eight people were killed
instantly by the explosion and others died subsequently. The inquiry
into the disaster concluded that the methane had seeped from coal
deposits 1,000m below ground and had built up in an empty pipeline.
Following a trial and appeal, the designers were held negligent for
failing to exercise reasonable care in assessing the risk of methane in
the
finished structure. A review of the various opinions as to which
party (client, contractor and/or engineer) should have foreseen the
accumulation of methane is given by Abrahamson (1992). Other
details are given by Orr et al . (1991).
7.6.4 Resonant damage from earthquakes at great
distance: Mexico and Turkey
One of the interesting aspects of earthquakes is the damage that is
caused at great distances through resonant affects. One of the classic
cases is the earthquake that killed an estimated 10,000 people in
Mexico City in September 1985. The earthquake was large (8.1 mag-
nitude) but the epicentre was more than 350km away from the city, so
 
 
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