Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
1909
A decade of growing political and social un-
rest in Spain culminates in the great re-
volt in Barcelona, which is put down
with brutal force.
1933
Proclamation of the “New State” in Portugal.
Under this regime, although a symbolic
presidency continues, the republic is trans-
formed into a dictatorship, with Salazar
ruling the country for the next 35 years.
1910
After the ouster of Manuel II, who became
king in 1908, a republic is proclaimed in
Portugal.
1936-39
Spanish civil war is initiated by a revolt of
army commanders opposed to the repub-
lic's increasing concessions to radical and
autonomist demands. The military rebels
are supported by Carlists, monarchists,
and a wide range of conservative groups.
The republic rallies some units of the
armed forces and the national police, as
well as the party militias of the anarchists
and various marxist organizations. Long-
standing class hatreds produce acts of re-
venge and numerous atrocities. General
Francisco Franco emerges as the dominant
leader of the Nationalists and receives
armed assistance from the German and
Italian dictatorships. Although volunteers
from many countries arrive to aid the Loy-
alists (Republicans), Western democratic
governments decline to intervene, and the
Soviet Union's aid to the republic is lim-
ited by calculation of its own advantages.
1914-18
World War I. Although Spain remains neu-
tral, Portugal joins the Anglo-French al-
liance, hoping to improve its international
status and acceptance of the new repub-
lican government. It suffers severe finan-
cial and manpower losses with little
resulting benefit.
1923-30
Following a humiliating defeat of the Span-
ish forces in Morocco and in response to
growing socioeconomic unrest at home,
King Alfonso XIII confers dictatorial pow-
ers upon General Miguel Primo de Ri-
vera.
1928-32
Emergence of António de Oliveira Salazar
as political strongman in Portugal. First as
finance minister then as prime minister
he restructures the national revenue sys-
tem and moves on to create an authori-
tarian regime, combining elements of the
Italian Fascist concepts with Portuguese
Catholic traditionalism.
1938
Although the Salazar regime in Portugal is
generally supportive of the Spanish Na-
tionalists, some Portuguese residents of
border districts give aid and shelter to
fleeing refugees as the republic begins to
collapse.
1931
Alfonso XIII leaves Spain in the aftermath
of elections that favor the parties of the
Left. The Second Republic is proclaimed.
1939
With the defeat of the Republicans, General
Franco assumes the position of leader (El
Caudillo) of the Spanish state, establish-
 
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