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champion of conservative values and re-
presses everything that seems to reflect
the revolutionary spirit of the age.
is to be divided, with Godoy receiving a
third of it as a personal principality in re-
turn for his collaboration. The royal family
escapes from Lisbon aboard British war-
ships, just ahead of an invading French
army. The queen, the regent, and his chil-
dren find refuge in Rio de Janeiro.
While his forces overrun Portugal, Napoléon
decides to resolve a dispute in the Span-
ish royal family in his own favor. Charles
IV is declared deposed by his son, who
proclaims himself Ferdinand VII. Na-
poléon invites both to confer with him in
France but then places Charles, Ferdi-
nand, and their family in custody and
installs his own brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne (Jo-
seph I).
1793
The French Republic declares war on Spain.
Spain allies itself with Great Britain and
launches an invasion of southern
France.
1795
After suffering a series of defeats, Spain be-
comes an ally of France.
1797
A combined Spanish-French fleet is defeated
off Cape St. Vincent. Great Britain cap-
tures Trinidad and attacks Puerto Rico.
1800
Spain returns Louisiana to France, which is
now under the rule of Napoléon
Bonaparte.
1808
The British invade Portugal and force the
French to withdraw. A series of popular
uprisings and military actions in Spain
seem to be about to force the French out
of that county as well. Napoléon, how-
ever, personally leads a new army into
Spain, captures Madrid, and secures his
brother in firm domination of the north.
1801
War of the Oranges. Spain, instigated by
France, invades Portugal and forces John
to secure his country's survival by prom-
ising to sever all trade and political ties
with Great Britain.
1809
A British army under Sir John Moore crosses
Portugal into Galicia to divert Napoléon's
attention from the conquest of southern
Spain. At the Battle of Corunna, Moore
is killed, and the British are forced to re-
treat. Napoléon, having demonstrated to
his generals how to deal with the Spanish
situation, returns to France. Despite a
number of French successes, the arrival
of additional British troops in Portugal
under Sir Arthur Wellesley (later duke of
Wellington) and widespread popular re-
1805
In the Battle of Trafalgar, combined Spanish
and French fleets are defeated by Britain's
Lord Nelson off Cape Trafalgar (Spain).
Napoléon's plans for an invasion of the
British Isles are permanently disrupted.
1807
Portugal becomes the object of further plot-
ting by Napoléon and the Spanish first
minister, Manuel de Godoy. The country
 
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