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included everything from polygamy, usury,
and calumny to smuggling, assumption of
false identity, and attempts by priests to
seduce penitents. During the Enlighten-
ment, when Rome's Index of Prohibited
topics forbade access to almost any “new
ideas,” the Spanish Inquisition, paradoxi-
cally, often limited its censorship role to
merely excising a few radical passages.
As one of the most notorious (if not
always pernicious) of old regime institu-
tions, the Inquisition was dissolved in 1808
by order of J
OSEPH
I, the intrusive Bonaparte
monarch. Reestablished by the reactionary
F
ERDINAND
VII in 1814, the Inquisition was
finally abolished in 1834 by the Liberal gov-
ernment that took power after his death.
most of the German states were ready to
take the field in support of the Austrian
archduke Carl's claim to the greater part of
Spain's European possessions. France and a
few smaller countries backed Philip V, as did
most Spaniards. The War of the Spanish Suc-
cession was fought during the next decade
everywhere from the Spanish Netherlands
(present-day Belgium) to southern Germany
and northern Italy, with the superior gener-
alship of Britain's duke of Marlborough and
Austria's prince Eugène gaining the victory
for the Allies in most of the battles. Only in
Spain itself did Philip's supporters gain the
upper hand and crush a dissident movement
in C
ATALONIA
. Sporadic fighting also took
place in overseas possessions.
By 1713, due to internal disputes, the
coalition had fallen apart and the Treaty of
Utrecht, signed by the Dutch and the Brit-
ish, acknowledged Philip's rule over virtu-
ally all of the Spanish inheritance, reserving
only certain strategic and commercial advan-
tages for his opponents, notably the grant-
ing of the
ASIENTO
to Great Britain. Austria
and her German supporters fought on until
1714, when, by the Treaties of Rastadt and
Baden, Philip conceded the Belgian prov-
inces and some Italian territory to the
Habsburgs but secured recognition as ruler
of Spain and its possessions. This war
brought a branch of the French B
OURBON
dynasty to the Spanish throne and initiated
a century of French-inspired political and
cultural change in Spain.
Spanish Succession, War of the
(1701-1714)
This conflict was precipitated by the death
of C
HARLES
II, the last of the Spanish
Habsburg dynasty. Anticipating the extinc-
tion of his line, the major European powers
drew up two successive partition treaties
(1698, 1699) dividing the Spanish realms
among themselves. Seeking to preserve the
integrity of his inheritance, the dying Charles
II dictated a will leaving the undivided Span-
ish dominions to his great nephew, Philippe,
duke of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV of
France. In November 1700, a few weeks
after drawing up this testament, Charles
died. Early in 1701 Louis XIV announced
that his grandson would accept the sover-
eignty of Spain and its empire under the des-
ignation of P
HILIP
V. Enraged by the French
betrayal of their agreement, the other Euro-
pean powers declared war in an attempt
to enforce the partition treaty. By 1702
England, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and
Spice Islands
This term was variously employed in the
early colonial period to describe the entire
archipelago now constituting Indonesia
and formally referred to as the Dutch East
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