Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
Martín moved on to a final confrontation
with the Spaniards in Peru, the situation
was complicated by the arrival of the lib-
erator of northern South America, S
IMÓN
B
OLÍVAR
. In a meeting (1818) between
these two great rebels, the exact content of
which has never been revealed, San Mar-
tín was persuaded to withdraw, leaving
the field to Bolívar. In a remarkable ges-
ture of self-abnegation San Martín left
Spanish America and spent the remainder
of his life in Europe.
an anti-Spain resistance in the A
ZORES
.
Santa Cruz was naturally selected to orga-
nize and lead the “Invincible A
RMADA
” that
was envisioned as overwhelming the Brit-
ish Isles and making possible the triumph of
Spain's supporters in France and the Low
Countries. As Santa Cruz busied himself
with preparations for this great enterprise
during the latter part of 1587, the sheer
complexity of logistics and a series of unan-
ticipated disruptions in planning provoked
Philip's impatience. The king sent his admi-
ral, who had never before received any-
thing but praise and honor for a lifetime of
achievements, a harshly worded letter, in
effect rebuking him for incompetence.
Santa Cruz died suddenly in January 1588.
According to traditional belief, the cause
was the combined impact of humiliation
and indignation.
Santa Cruz, Álvaro de Bazán,
marqués de
(1526-1588)
Spanish admiral
The son of a highly successful and much
honored naval commander, Bazán accom-
panied his father into battle at an early age
and soon joined the royal service himself.
For nearly 50 years he took part in all the
major operations along Spain's Mediterra-
nean and Atlantic coasts, rising steadily in
reputation and rank. He was heavily
involved in the campaigns against North
African corsairs, helped break the siege of
Malta in 1565, and delivered a crushing
blow to the Turkish fleet at the B
ATTLE
OF
L
EPANTO
(1571). He bore a vast array of
well-earned titles, of which marqués de
Santa Cruz was only the most lofty. In naval
rank he ultimately became admiral of the
ocean sea, a title once held by C
HRISTOPHER
C
OLUMBUS
and (perhaps more personally
gratifying) by his own father. After the
death of J
OHN
OF
A
USTRIA
, the king's half
brother, there was no naval officer of com-
parable status in the service of P
HILIP
II. He
was entrusted with the naval operations
that secured the annexation of Portugal in
1580 and defeated all attempts to maintain
Santayana, George (Jorge Agustín
Nicolás Ruiz de Santillana)
(1863-1952)
Spanish philosopher
Born in M
ADRID
under the name Jorge
Augustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santillana, Santa-
yana was brought to the United States by
his father at the age of nine due to certain
family difficulties. He was educated at Har-
vard, becoming a member of the philoso-
phy faculty and an associate of the leading
American thinkers of his day. Although he
would refer to himself as an American phi-
losopher, he retained his Spanish citizen-
ship and lived in Europe throughout most
of his life, becoming a true cosmopolitan as
he resided in Britain, France, and various
parts of Italy. Santayana chose a reclusive
life, staying for the most part in hotels,
establishing no family ties, and in later life
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