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Basque supporters of the Republican cause,
killing hundreds. Horrified and indignant,
Picasso painted a scene of destruction, muti-
lation, and death that has become an iconic
image of the madness of modern warfare.
The painting, according to Picasso's instruc-
tions, was never to be displayed in Spain
until that country was under a free and
democratic government. It remained in
New York City's Museum of Modern Art
until after the end of the Franco regime and
was then returned to hang in a place of
honor in M
ADRID
'
S
P
RADO
.
Picasso did not live to see the end of dic-
tatorship and the installation of
Guernica
in
his native country. He spent the later years
of his long life in his chosen French home
surrounded by children, grandchildren,
friends, and admirers, pursuing his growing
interest in sculpture as well as painting, and
creating an amazing array of imaginative
and distinctive work. For most of the 20th
century he had been the ultimate artist in
popular imagination, and for all his legend-
ary “temperament,” Spaniards remain
proud to have nurtured him.
Spain for his political activities, as was
another officer whom she intended to
marry after becoming a widow. Her own
increasing commitment to the liberal move-
ment involved her carrying messages, forg-
ing documents, giving shelter to clandestine
meetings, and recruiting new supporters.
Although she moved beyond the traditional
image of “women's work” in her political
activities, she is particularly remembered
for embroidering a banner for an intended
revolutionary uprising bearing the inscrip-
tion
“Ley, libertad, igualdad”
(“Law, liberty,
equality”). She was detained several times
on suspicion of revolutionary activities, and
it has been said that the chief judge of
Granada was at first so enamored of her that
he released her and then so angered by her
rejection of him that he persecuted her in a
spirit of vengeance. Pineda was ultimately
detained on vague charges of sympathy
with the enemies of the Crown and com-
municating with exiled liberals in G
IBRAL
-
TAR
. Particular mention was made in her
indictment of the flag that she had embroi-
dered, which was described as a “Masonic
banner.” Condemned for treason, she was
executed in Granada at the age of 27.
Pineda is revered as a martyr of Spanish
liberalism. She is particularly remembered
in Granada, where the poet-playwright
F
EDERICO
G
ARCÍA
L
ORCA
wrote a drama,
Mariana Pineda,
based on her romantic life
and death.
Pineda, Mariana de
(1804-1831)
Spanish revolutionary
Destined to be an iconic figure in the his-
tory of Spanish radicalism, Pineda was born
in G
RANADA
to an army officer of noble
ancestry and his commoner mistress.
Orphaned at an early age, she was raised by
relatives but soon became virtually the head
of her household. Due to her ambiguous
social status and her acquaintance with lib-
eral circles in the army she soon developed
sympathy with the constitutionalist cause
in the years following its repression by F
ER
-
DINAND
VII. Her husband was banished from
Pintasilgo, Maria de Lurdes
(1930-2004)
Portuguese politician
A pioneering feminist, Pintasilgo became
Portugal's first woman prime minister in
1979. During the Salazar dictatorship, when
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