HISTORICAL DICTIONARY A–Z - Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present - page 133

tender was supported by the aristocracy,
the church, and the landowning gentry as
well as the rural masses of the north, includ-
ing the B ASQUE PROVINCES , C ATALONIA , and
A RAGON . He was also recognized by Vienna,
St. Petersburg, Berlin, and Rome, where
apprehension had been raised by the revival
of Europe's revolutionary spirit. The young
I SABELLA II was championed by Spain's lib-
erals, who were in turn aided by military
forces dispatched from Britain and France,
where liberal governments had recently
taken power. After years of bitter fighting
key Carlist generals were won over by
promises of integration into the regular
army and other material rewards. They
abandoned their political leaders in 1839,
and Don Carlos was forced to go into exile,
without abandoning his claim.
After three decades of scandal, military
coups, and at least one Carlist plot to over-
throw her, Isabella II was herself driven out
of the country. The generals who overthrew
her proved incapable of forming a new gov-
ernment or finding a new leader, and by
1873 the Second Carlist War had begun.
The current claimant, the titular Charles
VII, raised his standard in N AVARRE , the
remaining stronghold of a movement that
had been marginalized by economic mod-
ernization in other regions of the north.
The restoration of Isabella's son as A LFONSO
XII in 1875 gave focus to the legitimist
forces who defeated the Carlists decisively
in 1876.
By the death of Charles VII in 1909 Carl-
ism had become a theoretical rather than a
practical cause whose philosophies spoke of
absolute monarchy as an essential center of
the nation and of an “integral” society
rooted in history. The new pretender, Don
Jaime, attempted to promote a more liberal

approach for his movement but was
opposed, to the point of a de facto split in
Carlism, by the old guard, and the pendu-
lum swung back to “authentic” traditional-
ism when Don Jaime was succeeded by his
elderly uncle, Don Alfonso Carlos in 1931.
The latter provided Navarese militia men
who supported the Franco side in the S PAN -
ISH C IVIL W AR but refused to join in a uni-
fied monarchist front.
During the Franco regime (1939-75)
Carlist claims were theoretically transferred
to the Bourbon-Parma line led by Don Car-
los Hugo, but their significance, both under
the dictatorship and since the restoration of
democracy, has been minimal.

Carlos I of Portugal See C HARLES I

(P ORTUGAL ).

Carlos I of Spain See C HARLES I

(S PAIN ).

Carlos II See C HARLES II .

Carlos III

See C HARLES III .

Carlos IV

See C HARLES IV .

Carmona, António Óscar de
Fragoso (1869-1951)
Portuguese soldier and statesman
In a successful military career that led him
to the rank of general (and later marshal)
Carmona came into his own as a political
figure after the 1910 revolution that ended