The Interplay Between Salicylic and Jasmonic Acid During Phytopathogenesis - Salicylic Acid: Plant Growth and Development - page 285

against E. car. ssp. carotovora in Arabidopsis (Ryu et al. 2004 ; Conn et al. 2008 ;
Choudhary and Johri 2009 ). Strain B. subtilis BEB-DN induced the expression of
ISR-associated genes and promoted the resistance to insects in tomato (Valenzu-
ela-Soto et al. 2010 ). The influence of P. fluorescens WCS417r led to the acti-
vation of ISR-associated genes to increase in tomato plants resistance to
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Xantomonas campestris pv. ar-
moraciae, E. car. subsp. cartovora, F. oxysporium f sp. raphani, Alternaria
brassicola, Botritis cinerea b Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pieterse et al. 2007 )
as well as the influence of Penicillium simplicissimum GP17-2 and its culture
filtrate promoted the resistance of Arabidopsis to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000
(Hossain et al. 2007 ). Strains P. fluorescens CHA0 and P. aeruoginosa 7NSK2
induced ISR to B. cinerea due to the activation of mechanisms of oxidative burst
and phytoalexins synthesis (Verhagen et al. 2010 ). However the resistance of
tomato to oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica, ascomycetes Botrytis cinerea,
Alternaria brassicicola and bacteria P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 established
under the influence of Penicillium chrysogenum, obviously, was independent of
both SA and JA/ET signaling pathway (Thuerig et al. 2006 ). It should be noted that
one of the important transcription factors of ISR MYB72, triggered by Pseudo-
monas (Pozo et al. 2008 ) can be connected with ET-signalling. The efficiency of
this factor during the activation of JA-induced reactions was independent of ET
directly but required co-factor regulated by ET (Van der Ent et al. 2008 ).
Series of works devoted to the search of the most sensitive to influence of PGPR
genes obtained the rapid response of about 200 genes, part of them were up-
regulated and the others down-regulated (ratio 1:1) by PGPR (Pozo et al. 2008 ;
Yang et al. 2009 ; Valenzuela-Soto et al. 2010 ). The expression of 70 % of these
genes under the influence of PGPR was associated with ISR, 13 % with SAR and
ISR, and 17 % genes were regulated differentially. So, in the establishment of
resistance of Capsicum annuum to causal agent of root rot Xantomonas axonopodis
pv. vesicatoria under the influence of B. cereus BS107 was contributed by a range
of genes encoding PR-proteins among them PR1 (SA-induced), PR4 and PR10 (JA-
and ethylene- induced) and some genes sensitive to H 2 O 2 (Yang et al. 2009 ). Strain
Bacillus vallismortis EXTN-1 capable to stimulate the immune reaction in broad
spectrum of plants particularly in cucumber Cucumis sativus triggered an expres-
sion of PR1 genes (Park et al. 2009 ). The expression of SAR-associated genes was
detected simultaneously with ISR-associated, in pathosystem Capsicum annuum—
X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria under the influence of B. cereus BS107 (Yang et al.
2009 ). The resistance of Arabidopsis to F. oxysporum was induced by actinomycete
strains Micromonospora sp. EN43 and Streptomyces sp. EN27 by activation of
SAR-associated genes (Conn et al. 2008 ). The Streptomyces sp. EN27 SAR induced
resistance was dependent on NPR1, by contrast, Micromonospora sp. EN43 pro-
moted NPR1-independent resistance. Interestingly, the activation of expression of
defence-related genes in plants infected by disease caused by causal agents only
was detected. It means that PGPR has an important role in the sensibilization of
plant defence systems (Verhagen et al. 2010 ; Pieterse et al. 2007 ). So, there are