Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
More recent historical events are reported very briefly. Namely,
the modern history of ACP started in 1955 (Chapter 2), while more
than twenty years afterwards the first dental application of a calcium
orthophosphate (erroneously described as TCP) in surgically created
periodontal defects [196] and the use of dense HA cylinders for
immediate tooth root replacement [197] were reported. According to
the available databases, the first paper with the term “bioceramics”
in the abstract was published in 1971 [198], while with that in the
title were published in 1972 [199, 200]. However, application of the
ceramic materials as prostheses had been known before [201-204].
On April 26, 1988, the first international symposium on bioceramics
was held in Kyoto, Japan.
The history of calcium orthophosphate based biocomposites
and hybrid biomaterials (Chapter 6) started in 1981, while that of
calcium orthophosphate coatings (reviewed in Refs. [205, 206])
started in 1980 [207]. An extensive commercialization of the dental
and surgical applications of calcium orthophosphate (mainly, HA)
bioceramics occurred in the 1980s, largely due to the pioneering
efforts by Jarcho [208-211] in the USA, de Groot [212-214] in Europe
and Aoki [215-218] in Japan. Shortly afterwards HA has become a
bioceramic of reference in the field of calcium orthophosphates for
biomedical applications. Preparation and biomedical applications
of apatites derived from sea corals (coralline HA) [219-221] and
bovine bone [222] have been reported at the same time [223],
while the history of nanodimensional and nanocrystalline calcium
orthophosphates (Chapter 3) started in 1995.
The interested readers are able to get further details on a recent
history of calcium orthophosphates, bioceramics and biomaterials
from other reviews on the subject [7, 9-12, 174-177].
8.9
Conclusions
Even though calcium orthophosphates have been investigated for
more then two centuries, commercial implants containing calcium
orthophosphates appeared only a few decades ago. However, the
advantages and obvious benefits of these chemical compounds are
still both an inspiration and a hope of many researchers and clinicians.
The reported historical findings should encourage both scientists
and clinicians to reinvestigate the already forgotten and poorly
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