Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
in rabbit bones was performed in 1920 [8] by an US surgeon Fred
Houdlette Albee (1876-1945), who invented bone grafting [182]
and some other advances in orthopedic surgery. The researchers
injected either 0.5 or 1 c.c. of 5 % slurries of TCP in distilled water
(which was then sterilized for three successive days in the Arnold
sterilizer, at 60ยบ C) into surgically created radial bone gaps of rabbits,
leaving the periosteum intact [8]. Radiographic analysis revealed
that the TCP injected defect demonstrated more rapid bone growth
and union than the control. The average length of time for bony
union with TCP was 31 days, compared to 41 days for the controls.
No appreciable bone growth was stimulated by injecting TCP
beneath the periosteum in non-defective radii or into subcutaneous
tissues. Although this seems to be the first scientific study on use
of an artificially prepared calcium orthophosphate for
in vivo
repairing of bone defects, it remains unclear whether that TCP was
a precipitated or a ceramic material and whether it was in a powder
or a granular form. Unfortunately, the researchers published nothing
further on this topic. In 1927, Hey Groves (1872-1944) described
pure ivory hip hemi-arthroplasty for fracture [183]. In 1931, Murray
also reported an acceleration of healing following implantation of
calcium salts composed of 85% TCP and 15% CaCO
in canine long
3
bone defects [184, 185].
At the beginning of the 1930s, the classic osteoinductive
phenomenon was defined well by Huggins [186], who demonstrated
that autoimplantation of transitional epithelium of the urinary
bladder to abdominal wall muscle in dogs provoked ectopic bone
formation. A bit later, Levander demonstrated that crude alcoholic
extracts of bones induced a new bone formation when injected into
muscle tissue [187, 188].
Simultaneously, in the 1930s, Haldeman and Moore [189],
Stewart [190], Key [191] and Shands [192] discovered the fact that
only certain types of calcium orthophosphates mentioned in Table
1.1 really influence the bone healing process. Namely, Haldeman and
Moore implanted various calcium orthophosphates such as MCP and
DCP (it remains unclear whether they were in hydrated or anhydrous
forms), TCP, as well as calcium glycerophosphate as dry powdered
salts into 0.5 to 1.0 cm defects in radii of 17 rabbits, while the opposite
side served as control. Radiographic analysis demonstrated that in
no case did the presence of MCP, DCP or calcium glycerophosphate
had a favorable influence delayed healing compared to control, while
Search WWH ::
Custom Search