Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
was no observable difference in composition between the bones
of young and those of old individuals. In 1860 Milne Edwards (6)
reported that his own analyses agreed with those of Bibra and of
Frémy in showing that the proportion of carbonate in the bones of
young animals was smaller than in adult bone. Zalesky (7) in 1866
reviewed the literature and concluded that the bones of children
of various ages have the same composition as those of adults, not
only as a whole, but also as regards the proportion of individual
constituents. He pointed out that the methods of determining CO
2
employed by previous investigators were defective. In 1872 Wildt
(8) analyzed the ashed bones of rabbits of different ages and found
an increase in the proportion of CO
with increasing age. Weiske (10)
in 1889 analyzed the ashed bones of birds and found an increase in
CaO and CO
2
remained constant.
Graffenberger (11) in 1891 analyzed the ashed bones of rabbits
and also found an increase of the ratio calcium carbonate: calcium
phosphate with increasing age.” (pp. 155-156). The citation shows
that this was a hot topic of research in the 19
with advancing age, while the P
O
2
2
5
century.
The earliest research paper, I have been able to find, on
undesirable
th
formed calcifications of biologically formed
calcium orthophosphates was published in 1856 [140], followed by
a book [141] written by a famous German doctor, anthropologist,
pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician Rudolf Ludwig Karl
Virchow (1821-1902), in which he introduced a term “metastatic
calcification”. To the best of my findings, next studies on undesirable
in vivo
in
vivo
formed calcifications containing calcium orthophosphates were
published in 1882 [142] and 1883 [143], followed by publications
of 1901 [144], 1906 [69] and 1913 [145]. An important conclusion
was made in 1906 [69]: “The composition of the inorganic salts in
calcified areas in the body seems to be practically the same, if not
identical, whether the salts are laid down under normal conditions
(ossification) or under pathological conditions.” (p. 520). Thus, the
similarity between the calcium orthophosphates of bones and those
found in metastatic calcification has been established, at least, in
1906.
The earliest study, I have been able to find, on a behavior of an
undisclosed calcium orthophosphate in organisms of carnivores was
published in 1883 [146]. Next available studies on a similar topic were
in print in 1912 [147] and 1921 [148]. A paper on the importance
of calcium and phosphorus for growing children was published
Search WWH ::




Custom Search