Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
+ 10CO.” [13, p. 460].
The quantitative analysis of a calcium orthophosphate was
performed in 1884 [74], followed by remarks by C. Glaser in 1885
[75]. In the 1880s, occurrence of a calcium apatite [76] and TTCP
[77-79] in metallurgical slags was discovered. A chemical interaction
of TCP with carbon dioxide and iron hydroxide was investigated in
1891 [80], while, at the beginning of the 20
Ca (PO
)
+ 10C = P
+ Ca
(PO
)
3
2
4
3
4
2
th
century, the systematic
studies of calcium orthophosphates were performed by F. K. Cameron
with co-workers [66, 81-87] and H. Bassett [88-91]. Namely, the
first version of the solubility diagram CaO-P
O was composed
by Bassett [90]. As follows from the available literature [13, 43,
92], by that time, the researchers already operated with individual
calcium orthophosphates. Binary salts of calcium orthophosphates
with orthophosphates of other chemical elements have been known
since, at least, 1911 [93]. Currently well-known chemical route of
CDHA preparation by mixing of aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate
and K
O
-H
2
5
2
is used instead) was investigated
conductometrically in 1915 [94], while a neutralization reaction
of H
HPO
(now (NH
)
HPO
2
4
4
2
4
PO
by Ca(OH)
was investigated in 1923 [95]. The first paper
3
4
2
on
mineralization using aqueous solutions containing
ions of calcium and orthophosphate was published in 1926 [96],
followed by a publication of 1933 [97]. The crystal structure of
FA was established in 1931 [98], followed by a great study on the
structural characteristics of apatite-like calcium orthophosphates
of various origin in 1933 [99]. Such terms as hydroxyfluorapatite,
Ca
in vitro
, OA and carbonateapatite were already known.
Besides, currently unknown substance “a hydrate of tricalcium
phosphate, Ca
(F,OH)
(PO
)
10
2
4
6
” with the molecular weight 966.4
and apatite-like diffraction pattern (obviously, it was CDHA with
x
(H
O)
(PO
)
9
2
2
4
6
= 1, see Table 1.1) was mentioned as well [99]. Determination of
the amounts of calcium orthophosphates in spinal fluid [100] and
serum [101, 102] were performed in the 1920s, while that in saliva
— in the beginning of the 1930s [103]. Furthermore, the solubility
data of several calcium orthophosphates were updated in 1931
[104, 105]. Very popular at the turn of the millennium silicon- (or
silica-) contained calcium orthophosphates, in fact, appear to be
known since, at least, 1937 [106], while the earliest available paper
on application of calcium orthophosphates in chromatography was
published in 1942 [107].
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