Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
sized HA was employed for the interface design of piezoelectric
immunosensor, on which the antibodies were bound. The developed
sensing interface appeared to possess some advantages, such as
activation-free immobilization and high antigen-binding activities of
antibodies, over using nano-sized either HA or gold alone [1041].
A novel tyrosinase biosensor based on nano-sized HA/chitosan
composite has been developed for the detection of phenolic
compounds [1125]. Further details on the subject are available in
the aforementioned references.
Up to date, not many papers have been published on the biosensor
application of calcium orthophosphate-based biocomposites
and hybrid biomaterials. Presumably, this subject will be further
developed in future and, perhaps, sometime implantable biosensors
will be designed to perform the continuous concentration monitoring
of the important biological macromolecules
. Possibly, those
implantable biocencors will be able to use an electric power,
generated by DCPD/polymer composite-based battery devices [506,
507].
in vivo
6.5
Interaction Among the Phases in Calcium
Orthophosphate-Based Biocomposites
An important aspect that should be addressed in details is a mutual
interaction among calcium orthophosphates and other phases in
biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials. In general, an interaction
among the phases in any composite can be either mechanical, when
it results from radial compression forces exerted by the matrix
on the filler particles (for example, developed during cooling due
to thermal contraction), or chemical, when the reactivity of the
filler towards the matrix has an important role. In the latter case,
it is important to distinguish a physical interaction from chemical
bonding [282]. According to Wypych [1128], physical interaction
is more or less temporary, implicating hydrogen bonding or van
der Waals forces, whereas chemical bonding is stronger and more
permanent, involving covalent bond formation. Thus, a chemical
interfacial bond among the phases is preferred to achieve a higher
strength of a composite. The magnitude of the interfacial bond
among the phases determines how well a weak matrix transmits
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