Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
are increasingly considered for using as bone tissue engineering
scaffolds due to their improved physical, biologic and mechanical
properties [51-57]. In addition, such biocomposites could fulfill
general requirements to the next generation of biomaterials, those
should combine the bioactive and bioresorbable properties to
activate
mechanisms of tissue regeneration, stimulating the
body to heal itself and leading to replacement of the implants by
the regenerating tissue [50, 58, 59]. Thus, through the successful
combinations of ductile polymer matrixes with hard and bioactive
particulate bioceramic fillers, optimal materials can be designed
and, ideally, this approach could lead to a superior construction to
be used as either implants or posterior dental restorative material
[60].
A lint-reinforced plaster was the first composite used in clinical
orthopedics as an external immobilizer (bandage) in the treatment
of bone fracture by Mathijsen in 1852 [61], followed by Dreesman
in 1892 [62]. A great progress in the clinical application of various
types of composite materials has been achieved since then. Based on
the past experience and newly gained knowledge, various composite
materials with tailored mechanical and biological performance can
be manufactured and used to meet various clinical requirements [63].
However, this chapter presents only a brief history and advances in
the field of calcium orthophosphate-based biocomposites and hybrid
biomaterials suitable for biomedical application. The majority of
the reviewed literature is restricted to the recent publications; a
limited number of papers published in the twentieth century have
been cited. Various aspects of the material constituents, fabrication
technologies, structural and bioactive properties, as well as phase
interaction have been considered and discussed in details. Finally,
several critical issues and scientific challenges that are needed for
further advancement are outlined.
in vivo
6.2
General Information on Composites and
Biocomposites
According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, “
composite materials
(or
for short) are engineered materials made from two
or more constituent materials with significantly different physical
or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct
composites
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