Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
body. The list of possible additives includes (but is not limited
to) the following cations: Na
+
+
2+
2+
2+
+
, K
, Mg
, Ca
, Sr
, H
and anions:
4
3−
4
2−
4
−
7
4−
3
2−
3
−
4
2−
4
−
−
−
PO
, HPO
, H
PO
, P
O
, CO
, HCO
, SO
, HSO
, Cl
, OH
,
2
2
−
4
4−
F
[29]. Therefore, mixed-type self-setting formulations
consisting of calcium orthophosphates and other calcium salts (e.g.,
calcium sulfates [38-47], calcium pyrophosphate [48-50], calcium
polyphosphates [51, 52], calcium carbonates [33, 53-55], calcium
oxide [56-61], calcium hydroxide [62-64], calcium aluminate [26, 65,
66], calcium silicates [67-71], etc.), strontium orthophosphate [72-
74], magnesium orthophosphate [74-78], magnesium oxide [79],
Zn-containing compounds [80], as well as cements made of various
ion-substituted
, SiO
calcium
orthophosphates
(e.g.,
Ca
KNa(PO
)
,
2
4
2
NaCaPO
, magnesium substituted CDHA, strontium
substituted CDHA, etc.) [81-90] are available. Furthermore, self-
setting formulations might be prepared in the reaction-setting
mixture of Ca(OH)
, Na
Ca
(PO
)
4
3
6
4
5
system [91], as well as by treatment
of calcium carbonates with orthophosphate solutions [92]. More to
the point, self-setting formulations possessing magnetic properties
due to incorporation of iron oxides have been developed as well [93,
94]. However, with a few important exceptions, such ion-substituted
formulations have not been considered in this chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to review the chemistry, physical
and mechanical properties of the available self-setting calcium
orthophosphate formulations with the specific reference to their
biomedical applications in dentistry and surgery.
-KH
PO
2
2
4
5.2
General Information and Data
According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: “In the most general
sense of the word,
is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens independently and can bind other materials together. The
name “cement” goes back to the Romans who used the term “
cement
opus
caementitium
” to describe masonry, which resembled concrete
and was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The
volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives, which were added to
the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder, were later referred to
as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement” [95]. Thus,
calcium
orthophosphate cement
appears to be a generic term to describe
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