Calcium Orthophosphates as Bioceramics - Calcium Orthophosphates: Applications in Nature, Biology and Medicine - page 352

Table 4.1 The procedures used to manufacture porous calcium orthophosphate scaffolds for tissue engineering [408].

Year Location Process Apatite from: Sintering Compressive

strength

Pore size Porosity Method of

porosity control

2006 Deville et al.
Berkeley, CA

HA + ammonium
methacrylate in PTFE
mold, freeze dried
and sintered

HA #30 Yes:

1300°C

16 MPa
65 MPa
145 MPa

Open
unidirectional
50-150 μm

> 60%
56%
47%

Porosity
control: slurry
conc. structure
controlled by
physics of ice
front formation.

2006 Saiz et al.
Berkeley, CA

Polymer foams
coated, compressed
after infiltration,
then calcined.

HA powder Yes: 700-
1300°C

— 100-200 μm — Porosity

control: extent
of compression,
HA loading

2006 Murugan et
al. Singapore
+ USA

Bovine bone cleaned,
calcined

bovine bone Yes:
500°C

— Retention of

nano-sized
pores

— Porosity

control: native
porosity of
bovine bone

2006 Xu et al.
Gaithersburg,
MD

Directly
injectable calcium
orthophosphate
cement, self hardens,
mannitol as porogen

nanocrystalline
HA

No 2.2-4.2 MPa

(flexural)

0-50%
macroporous

65-82% Porosity
control:
mannitol mass
fraction in
mixture