Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
technique of the nanodimensional and/or nanocrystalline
apatites. The term “hydrothermal” refers to a chemical reaction of
substances in a sealed heated solution above ambient temperature
and pressure [314] and this process allows synthesis of highly
pure fine-grained single crystals, with controlled morphology and
narrow size distribution [293]. Extraneous additives, such as EDTA
[311], surfactants [312], anionic starburst dendrimer [313], etc.,
might be utilized to modify the morphology of nanodimensional
and/or nanocrystalline apatites during the hydrothermal synthesis.
Most of these techniques produced rod-like crystals or whiskers,
while plate-like shapes were obtained in just a few studies [295,
305, 307].
Figure 3.4
The influence of the reaction temperature on the crystal
dimensions of precipitated CDHA: (a) 25°C, (b) 37°C, (c) 55°C,
(d) 75°C.
Other preparation methods include sol-gel [30, 162, 199,
200, 237, 292, 315-326], co-precipitation [238, 293, 294, 327-
329], mechanochemical approach [54, 218, 303, 308, 330-335],
mechanical alloying [336, 337], ball milling [308, 332, 338, 339],
radio frequency induction plasma [340, 341], vibro-milling of bones
[342], flame spray pyrolysis [343], liquid-solid-solution synthesis
[344], electrocrystallization [133, 345, 346], microwave processing
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