Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 15.5.
Activities of extracts from
Calceolaria talcana
and verbascoside compared with gedunin and
pattern extracts on growth bioassay
a
, pupation
b
and emergence
b
parameters of
Spodoptera frugiperda
(after 21 days of incubation).
Mean weight
gained (mg)
c
Pupation
c
SP (%)
e
Emergence
(%)
f
Mortality
(%)
d
Treatment
Doses (ppm)
%
d
Control
g
0.0
520.5 ± 16.6a
100.0
97.2
100.0
4.2
Aqueous
10.0
522.9 ± 23.0a
95.8
92.8
90.0
0.0
50.0
499.4 ± 12.4a
95.9
91.2
90.0
0.0
Hexane
10.0
478.9 ± 16.8a
92.0
92.5
74.2
33.3
20.0
390.0 ± 12.6a
76.6
76.7
51.2
41.6
35.0
240.6 ± 21.1g
46.2
32.1
32.5
63.0
50.0
95.6 ± 7.8c
18.4
11.2
20.8*
72.2
100.0
27.7 ± 5.6c
5.3
4.9*
0.0
100.0
Ethyl acetate
10.0
381.5 ± 15.1a
11.5
27.8
20.0*
58.3
20.0
240.1 ± 12.3g
11.0
14.2
18.0*
95.8
35.0
195.9 ± 12.2d
36.6
8.8*
0.0
100.0
50.0
52.7 ± 0.9c
11.5
3.1*
0.0
100.0
Methanol
10.0
191.3 ± 12.1d
37.3
12.5*
3.1*
50.0
20.0
50.1 ± 1.3c
11.1
9.2*
0.0
95.8
35.0
40.0 ± 0.3e
8.0
4.9*
0.0
100.0
50.0
22.7 ± 0.3e
4.9
3.1*
0.0
100.0
Verbascoside
10.0
9.2 ± 0.5f
2.15
3.1*
0.0
81.3
20.0
7.2 ± 0.7f
1.35
3.1*
0.0
100.0
35.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
Gedunin
10.0
9.86 ± 0.55f
2.05
54.2b
15.0
11.6
25.0
6.50 ± 0.19f
1.35
41.7b
13.0
8.4
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
Me-Ced
2.0
421.1 ± 22.50a
87.45
54.2b
15.0
71.0
10.0
289.1 ± 14.90g
60.04
41.7b
13.0
52.3
25.0
166.6 ± 7.83d
34.60
33.3c
8.0
36.3
50.0
101.2 ± 4.51d
21.01
25.0c
0.0
21.1
Me-Myrt
100.0
240.6 ± 25.1g
46.2
5.0
0.0
63.0
200.0
95.6 ± 6.8c
18.4
0.0
0.0
72.2
300.0
65.5 ± 3.7c
12.6
0.0
0.0
97.2
Me-Yuc
10.0
111.0 ± 5.55b
23.05
35.2
6.12
63.0
15.0
45.0 ± 2.25e
9.35
18.5
0.0
53.1
25.0
23.0 ± 1.15e
4.77
6.8
0.0
81.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
a
The values for growth bioassay were from weight, values taken at 21 ± 1 days before pupation, the criterion followed
was to account larvae that formed pupae; the larvae that did not form pupae were counted as dead larvae.
b
Values
taken after pupation. The values for aqueous extract were omitted because they are not significant and this sample did
not show any effect at all assayed concentrations.
c
Means followed by the same letter within a column after ± standard
error values are not significantly different in a Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test at
p
<0.05 (treatments are compared
by concentration to control), 95% confidence limits. Mean of three replicates.
d
Percentage with respect to control.
e
S P,
Survival Pupation = Number of surviving pupae × 100 / Total larvae for pupation.
f
% = Number of adults emerged ×
100 / Total number of pupae. *The asterisks indicate deformities.
g
As a control, a normal diet with solvent only and
Tween 20 was added to an additional control solution.
at 21 days. On the other hand, the two
extracts (ethyl acetate and methanol), above
35.0 mg/ml, showed a high growth inhibition,
and after 21 days these extracts showed
100% of mortality, respectively.
The percentage of larvae that reached
pupation decreased drastically with almost
all extracts assayed (except the aqueous
ones). Thus, hexane (35.0 mg/ml, 32.1%), ethyl
acetate (10.0 mg/ml, 27.8%) and methanol
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