Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
(Galbraith and Horn, 1966), and ponaster-
one A (
3
) from
P. nakaii
(Nakanishi
et al
.,
1966), among others.
Since then more than 300 related com-
pounds have been isolated, from species
belonging to both divisions of terrestrial
plants: Pteridophyta and Espermatophyta.
Among the reduced number of plants that
have been screened for ecdysteroids, the
most common phytoecdysteroids found
until now are 20-hydroxyecdysone (
2
), poly-
podine B (
14
), ponasterone A (
3
) and makis-
terone A (
15
) (Rharrabe
et al
., 2010). It
should be emphasized that compounds
2
and
3
are present in both groups of organ-
isms, animals and plants (Fig. 11.4).
Unlike the structural diversity of ecdys-
teroids of animal origin, plants also have, in
addition to the C
27
, C
28
and C
29
ecdysteroids
(Fig. 11.5), some C
19
(Rubrosterone,
16
; dihy-
drorubrosterone,
17
), C
21
(dihydropoststerone,
18
) and C
24
(sidisterone,
19
) ecdysteroids
(Báthori and Pongrácz, 2005). For full details
of ecdysteroids in plants see Ecdybase
(Lafont
et al
., 2011).
The presence of ecdysteroids and simi-
lar compounds have been recorded in other
organisms such as algae (Lafont
et al
., 2010),
fungi (Kovganko, 1999), non-insect arthro-
pods and other non-arthropod invertebrates
such as platyhelminths, nematodes, anne-
lids, molluscs and tunicates, among other
animals (Dinan and Lafont, 2007; Lafont
and Koolman, 2009).
11.3
Phytoecdysteroids and Related
Sterols from Cactaceae
The Cactaceae is a family of plants well
adapted to arid environments, native to the
Americas. In Mexico it represents the fifth
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
HO
HO
HO
H
Polypodine B (
14
)
Makisterone A (
15
)
O
O
Fig. 11.4.
Examples of ecdysteroids present in plants.
O
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
HO
HO
H
Rubrosterone (
16
)
H
O
O
O
Dihydrorubrosterone (
17
)
O
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
HO
HO
H
H
O
O
Sidisterone (
19
)
Dihydropoststerone (
18
)
Fig. 11.5.
Diversity of carbon number in phytoecdysteroids.
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