Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
carbon side chains from C
17
to C
25
. However,
the relative content of the short-chain alkyl-
resorcinols (C
17
and C
19
) in inoculated plants
was lower and that of the longest homo-
logue (C
25
) higher, suggesting that the inocu-
lated plants may be more efficient against
pathogen attack.
are compounds that can be measured in a
biological sample (e.g. adipose tissue, plasma
or urine) and can be non-subjectively related
to the intake of a specific food/food group,
which may be linked to a biological activity
and/or decreased risk of disease. As previ-
ously mentioned, several investigations
suggest that ARs are biomarkers for human
whole-grain intake (Ross
et al
., 2004c). ARs
are absorbed from the small intestine via the
lymphatic system and are incorporated into
human erythrocyte membranes (Ross
et al
.,
2003a). Plasma ARs are transported in lipo-
proteins, with very low-density lipoprotein
(VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
being the main carriers. Then they can be
determined quantitatively in the serum and
also their metabolites in human urine
(Linko-Parvinen
et al
., 2007). They have
also been detected in the adipose tissue of
rats (Ross
et al
., 2004b). Recent studies have
shown that AR can inhibit LDL oxidation
in vitro
and might provide antioxidant pro-
tection when present in biological mem-
branes (Kozubek and Nienartowich, 1995).
Further data have confirmed that cereal-
grain 5-alkylresorcinols modify animal lipid
metabolism
in vivo
and
in vitro
(Kozubek
and Tyman, 2005), which make them very
interesting in relation to the risk of diabetes,
obesity, heart disease and some cancers.
10.9.3 Improvement of biological
control through liposomal technology
In the near future, liposome technology could
be combined with biological control by using
liposomal vehicles with built-in AR mol-
ecules (or AR derivatives) and/or bacterial
cells entrapped inside (Kozubek
et al.
, 2000).
10.10
Quality of Cereal Products
and AR Composition
As previously mentioned, ARs are abundant
in the outer layers of rye, wheat and barley
grains. Then, they are only present in foods
prepared with whole grains or in the bran of
these cereals. The ratio of the homologues
C17:0 to C21:0 was shown to be up to 0.02 for
the whole grain of durum wheat and associ-
ated products, whereas it was 0.1 and 0.9 for
common wheat and rye, respectively (Landberg
et al
., 2005). This ratio has been proposed to
indicate the source of grains in foods. Such
knowledge has allowed the development of
methods for the detection and quantitation of
the adulteration of whole-cereal flours and
pastas (Knödler
et al.
, 2009).
10.12 Industrial Uses
of Lipid Phenolics
Chemical uses of phenolic lipids from
CNSL have attracted interest mainly
because of the development of methods for
their separation and the potential use of
cardanol as a replacement for alkylphenols
of petrochemical origin (Tyman, 1979). The
CNSL obtained from cashew nutshell can
be employed as a phenolic source for
formaldehyde polymerization and can be
used in compounded forms as a friction
dust for automobile brakes and clutches.
The phenolic lipids from CNSL also can be
used in the synthesis of aryl glycolipids
that, upon self-assembly, generate an array
of soft materials such as lipid nanotubes,
10.11 Resorcinolic Lipids as
Biomarkers of Whole-grain Intake
Epidemiological studies strongly suggest a
link between the consumption of whole-
grain cereals and decreased risk of heart
disease, diabetes, obesity and certain can-
cers (Åman
et al.
, 2007). Elucidation of the
relationships between whole-grain diets
and health is incomplete because of the lack
of specific biomarkers of whole-grain intake
(Asp and Contor, 2003). Dietary biomarkers
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