Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
from the flavonoid fraction (44.1%) fol-
lowed by the alkaloid fraction (15.6%), with
catechin and boldine being the main con-
tributors of the AC of these two fractions
(60.9% and 35.6% of the total activity,
respectively).
Morales
et al
. (2008) evaluated the TPC
and AC (DPPH method) of 50% aqueous-
ethanol extract from
Acantholippia deserti-
cola.
The TPC of the extract was 725 mg
GAE/g (dried weight). The results showed
that the IC
50
value of the extract was 18 mg/ml.
Avello
et al
. (2009) evaluated the TPC
and AC (DPPH method) of leaf extracts from
Aristotelia chilensis
and
Ugni molinae
. For
measurements the extracts were standard-
ized in GAE through the Folin-Ciocalteu
method, which is a form of standardized
extracts in a chemical marker. The TPC were
0.031-0.035 M GAE for
U. molinae
leaf
extracts (MeOH 100% and MeOH/H
2
O
[60:40], respectively) and 0.032-0.040 M
GAE for
A. chilensis
(H
2
O 100% and EtOH/
H
2
O [60:40], respectively).
Dade
et al
. (2009) assessed the AC (ABTS
and DPPH), TPC and flavonoid content (FV)
of 21 extracts obtained from Argentinian
native plants, among which there were
some plants also native to Chile (
Lippia tur-
binata, Satureja parviflora, Aloysia triphylla,
Xanthium spinosum, Flaveria bidentis
and
Geoffroea decorticans
). All extracts were
able to bleach the radicals in the range of
0.03-4.48 mM TE/mg (dry extract).
S. parvi-
folia
extracts exhibited the highest scaveng-
ing activity for both DPPH radical (1.48 mM
TE/mg [dry extract]) and ABTS radical (3.20
mM/TE mg [dry extract]). There was a sig-
nificant correlation between the TP and FV
content and the AC (
P
<0.001). This is con-
cordant with other studies in plants from
the
Labiatae
family, which are distinguished
for their TPC and AC (Rossi
et al
., 2009).
flesh that evolve from a flower with a superior
ovary (Bowling, 2000). Therefore, in strictly
botanical terms, few of the fruits called ber-
ries are true berries. Nevertheless, the use of
the term berry is widespread in scientific
and commercial fields (Seeram, 2008).
Interest in the study of Chilean native ber-
ries reflects a global trend of the search for
fruit and new raw materials with high levels
of antioxidants.
Aristotelia chilensis
(maqui) fruits are
significant for their TPC and AC. These
fruits have greater TPC and AC (FRAP, TAR
and TRAP methods) than other species rec-
ognized by their high polyphenol contents
such as
Vaccinium corymbosum
L. (blueber-
ries),
Rubus
spp. (blackberries),
Vaccinium
macrocarpon
Ait (cranberries),
Rubus ide-
aus
L. (red raspberries) and
Fragaria
´
anan-
assa
L. (strawberries) (Miranda-Rottmann
et al
., 2002; Araya
et al
., 2006). Céspedes
et al
. (2008) have demonstrated that
A. chilensis
phenolic extracts also showed AC
in vivo
(rat model). The main compounds in
A. chilensis
fruits that have been identified
are gentisic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid,
p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, 4-hydroxyben-
zoic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, vanillic acid,
delphinidin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, quer-
cetin, rutin, myricetin, catechin and epicate-
chin, and eight glycosides of anthocyanidins
(delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, del-
phinidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-sambu-
bioside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside,
delphinidin-3-sambubioside, delphinidin-3-
glucoside, cyanidin- 3-sambubioside and
cyanidin-3-glucoside), and proanthocyanidin
B (Escribano-Bailon
et al
., 2006; Céspedes
et al
., 2010b).
Fredes (2009) reviewed the current
research related to polyphenol identifica-
tion, AC and polyphenol bioavailability in
four native berries (
A. chilensis, Berberis
buxifolia, Ugni molinae
and
Fragaria chi-
loensis
); there is comparatively less research
on the antioxidant properties of
B. buxifo-
lia, U. molinae
and
F. chiloensis.
Ruiz
et al
. (2010) compared polyphe-
nols of
Berberis microphylla
(syn.
B. buxifo-
lia
) fruit with
A. chilensis
and
U. molinae
.
Polyphenols in
B. microphylla
were most
present in glycosylated form (3-glucoside
8.3.3
Edible fruit extracts
The main Chilean fruits studied for their
polyphenols and AC are fruits recognized as
berries. In botanical terms, a berry is a fruit
with many seeds, mesocarp and endocarp
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