Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
(GAE)/g of EEP and 4.75 ± 0.01 to 42.37 ±
0.18 mg quercetin (QE)/g of EEP, respec-
tively (see Table 7.4).
Some countries, such as Brazil and
Argentina, have established official quality
control standards for raw propolis. They
have a minimum limit of 50 mg GAE/g of
EEP and 5 mg QE/g of EEP for phenolics
and flavonoids, respectively (Ministerio,
1999; Norma IRAM-INTA, 2004). According
to both regulations, propolis from B-R, LU-T
and C-T are in accordance with interna-
tional minimum requirements.
Propolis from UN-T had the lowest val-
ues in phenolic and flavonoid content
(Table 7.4). These low values could be due
to the presence of labdane-type diterpenes
as predominant compounds in this sample
(Meneses
et al
., 2009). Propolis from B-R
showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid
content values. These were higher than
Colombian propolis samples previously
analysed but lower than propolis samples
from Europe, North America and Asia
(Kumazawa
et al
., 2004).
Propolis from the Antioquia Department
Antioquia is one of the 32 departments in
Colombia. It is located in the North-west
region of Colombia, crossed by two of the
main mountain chains, Cordillera Central and
Cordillera Occidental. This provides many
varied geographical zones broadly classi-
fied as mountainous and non-mountainous.
Antioquia is divided into nine regions that
comprise 125 municipalities.
s o u t h
r e g i o n
.
All the propolis samples
studied in this section come from munici-
palities belonging to different South sub-
regions of the department. Betania (B)
belongs to the Southern east region, La
Unión (LU) is placed in the East region,
and Caldas (C) and Apiary Universidad
Nacional-Medellín (UN) are in the Aburra's
Valley region. For each sample, the method
of collection is indicated by R (scraping) or
T (plastic trap).
In the analysis of
1%
1
c
E
values of propolis
the values range from 72 to 390. The highest
1%
1
c
E
value was shown by propolis from
the Betania municipality (B-R, 390) and the
lowest for UN-T (72). As an overview of the
results obtained, TPC and TFC values of
the samples analysed vary widely, ranging
from 22.11 ± 0.54 to 75.22 ± 1.35 mg gallic acid
n o r t h
r e g i o n
.
Bajo Cauca is a sub-region
located in the North-east area of Antioquia's
Department. It is composed of six munici-
palities: Caucasia, El Bagre, Nechí, Tarazá,
Cáceres and Zaragoza. Propolis samples
Table 7.4.
Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of EEP from different
municipalities of South region of Antioquia Department, Colombia.
Specific
absorbance of
UV spectrum
cm
DPPH
TEAC
c
± SD
(
m
mol/g)
ABTS
TEAC
c
± SD
(
m
mol/g)
FRAP
AEAC
d
± SD
(
m
mol/g)
Total phenolic
content
a
Total flavonoid
content
b
E
1%
1
Sample
(
l
)
Caldas C-T
162 (296)
67.11 ± 0.89
11.47 ± 0.02
324.6 ± 15.0
950.2 ± 4.7
338.4 ± 22.4
Caldas C-R
85 (280)
34.00 ± 0.15
6.38 ± 0.02
54.6 ± 1.3
777.4 ± 27.9
110.4 ± 12.1
La Unión LU-T
110 (292)
65.56 ± 0.28
34.50 ± 0.07
143.5 ± 5.5
869.5 ± 7.8
191.3 ± 31.8
Betania B-R
390 (242)
75.22 ± 1.35
42.37 ± 0.18
236.3 ± 9.1
1091.0 ± 17.3
227.6 ± 12.5
Apiary UN-T
72 (291)
22.11 ± 0.54
4.75 ± 0.01
33.9 ± 9.7
455.5 ± 7.8
40.9 ± 13.3
BHT
(standard)
517.4 ± 0.1
884.9 ± 0.1
500.6 ± 5.5
a
Units are mg of gallic acid/g of sample (mg GAE/g of EEP).
b
Units are mg of quercetin/g of sample (mg QE/g of EEP).
Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n=3).
c
Antioxidant capacity in trolox equivalents
(TE).
d
Antioxidant capacity in ascorbic acid equivalents. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean
(SEM; n = 3).
B-R, Betania-scraping; C-T, Caldas-trap; C-R, Caldas-scraping; LU-T, La Unión-trap; UN-T, Apiary Universidad
Nacional-Medellín-Trap.
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