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HO
OH
O
O
O
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO
HO
23
24
25
26
Fig. 7.4.
Phenolic compounds isolated from Brazilian propolis (Marcucci
et al.,
2001). For names please
refer to the text.
Although most of the Brazilian studies
of propolis were carried out with green
propolis, Trusheva
et al.
(2006) studied a
red propolis sample collected in the
Northern region of Brazil. Phenylpropanoid
derivatives (
trans
-anethol, methyl eugenol,
trans
-methyl isoeugenol, elemicin,
trans
-
isoelemicin), triterpenic alcohols (a-amyrin,
b-amyrin, cycloartenol, lupeol), isoflavo-
noid, pterocarpans, naphtoquinones and a
mixture of prenylated benzophenones were
reported for this sample.
Even though there are not many studies
on the chemical composition of Venezuelan
propolis, some researchers have described
the presence of prenylated benzophenones.
In 2004 Trusheva
et al
. isolated two pre-
nylated benzophenones named 18-ethyl-
oxy-17-hidroxy-17,18-dihydroscrobicula-
tone A (
27
) and B (
28
) (Fig. 7.5), and also
found scrobiculatones A (
29
) and B (
30
),
which were previously reported by Porto
et al.
(2000) from flower resin of
Clusia
spe-
cies. These compounds showed antibacte-
rial activity and moderate toxicity against
Artemia salina
.
Because of the geographical isolation of
Chile, the botanical sources of Chilean prop-
olis are exudates of endemic plants belong-
ing to the families Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae,
Rosaceae, Rhamnaceae, Monimiaceae and
Lauraceae. Valcic
et al.
(1998) showed that
the main compounds present in Chilean
propolis were lignans (
31
-
35
) (Fig. 7.6).
Additionally, flavonoids have been reported
(Astudillo
et al
., 2000).
In the past ten years Argentinian
propolis collected from several locations
have been studied. In general terms,
polyphenols (flavanones, flavones, fla-
vonols and chalcones) and organic acids
(coumaric acid, ferulic acid and cinnamic
acid) were the major constituents found
(Agüero
et al
., 2010). These results sug-
gested that the botanical origin of propolis
samples were poplar trees. Moreover, in
samples of propolis from the Andean
region of Argentina, lignans and epoxylig-
nans were identified and the botanical
source was associated with the medicinal
plant
Larrea nitida
Cav. (Zygophyllaceae)
(Agüero
et al
., 2011).
7.3.2 Chemical profile
of propolis from Colombia
In the Colombian context, although prod-
ucts based on this beehive product are
available on the market, there is scarce
information about the chemistry of propo-
lis. At the moment only a few studies based
on the chemical composition of Colombian
propolis have been done. For these reasons
we are interested in characterizing, chemi-
cally and biologically, propolis collected in
Colombia. Some of the studies that we have
carried out are summarized below.
From dichloromethane and petro-
leum ether/metanol extracts of a propolis
sample of the Apiary of the National
University of Colombia, (LIMA), located
in the city of Medellín, Antioquia,
Colombia, were purified three labdane
type diterpenes that were identified by
1
H
and
13
C mono- and bi-dimensional NMR
techniques as isocupresic acid (
36
), agath-
adiol
(
37
)
and
epi-13-torulosol
(
38
)
(Fig. 7.7) (Meneses
et al
., 2009).
Additionally, Palomino
et al
. (2010)
established,
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