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not the only natural catalysts that have the potential to be used to produce fl avour
substances that will meet the new legislation. Mesoporous starch-based catalysts
have been developed (Budarin et al. 2007), which can catalyse esterifi cation of
dicarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions, and this has the potential to be used in
combination with fermentation technologies. These can be produced within the
temperature range prescribed in the legislation and could be developed as natural
organic catalysts.
12.5 References
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Physical Properties, and New Applications , Springer , New York.
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Solvents , Blackie Academic and Professional , Glasgow .
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supercritical chemistry: the continuous conversion of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone in
CO 2 ', Chem. Commun. , 4632 - 4634 .
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BUDERIN , V . L . , CLARK , J . H . , LUQUE , R . and MACQUARRIE , D . J . ( 2007 ), ' Versatile mesoporous
carbonaceous materials for acid catalysis', Chem. Commun. , 634 - 636 .
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'The preparation of high-grade bio-oils through the controlled, low temperature
microwave activation of wheat straw', Bioresour. Technol. , 100 , 6064 - 6068 .
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sesame seed oil using supercritical CO 2 and mathematical modeling', J. Food Eng. , 97 ,
360 - 366 .
EC (2008), 'Regulation (EC) No. 1334/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 16 December 2008 on fl avourings and certain food ingredients with fl avouring
properties for use in and on foods and amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601/91,
Regulations (EC) No 2232/96 and (EC) No 110/2008 and Directive 2000/13/EC', Off. J.
Eur. Commun. L354 , 34 - 50 .
EC (2009), 'Directive 2009/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23
April 2009 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on extraction solvents
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