Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 11.1
Structures of some products obtained by
de novo
synthesis.
Ethyl butyrate occurs in fruits and alcoholic beverages, but also in other foods
such as cheese. It has a fruity odor, reminiscent of pineapples (Bauer
et al.
2001).
Pseudomonas fragi
produced ethyl butyrate when grown in skimmed milk at
15°C and
Kluyveromyces marxianus
was able to produce it in cassava bagasse
(Medeiros
et al.
2000) as well as a strain of
Neurospora
sp in different culture
medium (Brigido 2000).
Although ethyl hexanoate is found naturally in fruits such as strawberry, kiwi
fruit, apple and pineapple, and products like strawberry jam, cheeses, whiskies,
grape wines, passion fruit juice, a culture medium with
Neurospora
sp. produces
this ester (Yoshizawa
et al.
1988; Yamauchi
et al.
1991; Pastore
et al.
1994).
Pastore and co-workers (1994) obtained 59 mg L
−1
of ethyl hexanoate using malt
extract broth as the culture medium after 3-4 days of fermentation while Yamauchi
et al.
(1989), using pre-gelatinized rice impregnated with 5% malt broth as solid
culture medium, obtained around 180 mg L
−1
. Strains of
Pseudomonas fragi
(Cormier
et al.
1991),
Ceratocystis frimbriata
(Christen
et al.
1997),
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(Kłosowski and Czuprynyski 2006; Kobayashi
et al.
2008; Sumby
et al.
2010),
Corynebacterium
sp.,
Arthrobacter globiformis
and
Serratia marcescens
can also produce this compound.
Lactones
The biogeneration of volatile lactones has proved to be industrially successful
(Cardillo
et al.
1990) and some examples include
γ
-nonalactone,
γ
-decalactone
and
δ
-decalactone (annual consumption estimated is approximately 16.5 tonnes),
γ
-undecalactone and
β
-methyl-
γ
-octalactone (whiskey lactone) and others
(Surburg and Pantem 2006).
γ
-Decalactone has a pleasant, fruity, peach-like odor with an aroma threshold
between 1 to 11 ppb. This lactone is used in perfumery for heavy, fruity fl ower
odors and in aroma compositions, particularly peach fl avors (Burdock and
Fenaroli 2010). The annual potential market for natural
γ
-decalactone is estimated
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