Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Winter TC, Rosenberry DO (1995) The interaction of ground water with prairie pothole wetlands
in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota, 1979-1990. Wetlands 15:193-211
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deluge: a 17-year study of the Cottonwood Lake wetland complex in North Dakota in the
perspective of longer term measured and proxy hydrological records. Clim Chang 40:189-209
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Surface water hydrology, the geology of north America. Geological Society of America,
Boulder
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evaporation for a small lake in the north central United States. Water Resour Res 31:983-993
Winter TC, Buso DC, Rosenberry DO, Likens GE, Sturrock AMJ, Mau DP (2003) Evaporation
determined by the energy budget method for Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. Limnol Oceanogr
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test. J Hydrol 227:257-272
WMO (1994) Guide to hydrological practices, 5th edn. World Meteorological Organization WMO
Publication 168:735
Yang D, Goodison BE, Metcalfe JR, Golubev VS, Bates R, Pangburn T, Hanson CL (1998)
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Student Exercises
Classroom Exercises
Short Exercise 1: Converting Pressure to Water Depth and Stage
Measuring wetland stage and hydraulic head, and determining direction and poten-
tial for flow between groundwater and surface water, are among the most basic
requirements in wetland hydrology. A sketch of a common monitoring installation
appears below (Fig. 3.34 ). A piezometer designed to indicate hydraulic head
beneath the wetland bed is instrumented with a submersible pressure transducer.
The sensor is suspended from the surface of the well casing by a metal wire. The
distance from the attachment point to the sensor port commonly is described as the
hung depth. This particular type of sensor stores the data on a circuit card;
the sensor must be retrieved and the data downloaded periodically. Some
installations instead have a data cable extending from the sensor to a datalogger
that can query and store data from multiple sensors. In some models the cable
contains a vent tube that allows changes in atmospheric pressure to be transmitted
to the pressure sensor. Venting allows the pressure measurement to be relative to
atmospheric pressure. The transducer in this example is not vented to the atmo-
sphere; some would argue this is preferable because there is no associated opportu-
nity for water vapor to reach and damage the sensor electronics. However, without
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