Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 10.1 (
Continued
)
Pall Filter Offering (www.pall.com)
Filter
Use
Type
SUPRApak™ Depth
Filter Modules
Beer, spirits
Sheet filters and sheet filter
modules
SUPRApak™ SW
Series Modules
Beer, beer—corporate brewers,
beer—microbreweries, food, soft
drinks, spirits
Sheet filters and sheet filter
modules
T-Series Depth Filter
Sheets
Active pharmaceutical ingredients,
biotechnology, cell separation,
clarification and prefiltration,
plasma fractionation, scale-up/
process development, vaccines
Sheet filters and sheet filter
modules
T-Series Depth Filter
Sheets
Biofuels and biotechnology,
chemicals
Sheet filters and sheet filter
modules
T-Series Membrane
Cassettes
Active pharmaceutical ingredients,
clarification and prefiltration
Sheet filters and sheet filter
modules
Polymer Membranes
The history of membrane filters goes back to hundreds of years:
Year
Important Development
1748
Abbe Nollet—water diffuses from dilute to concentrated solution
1846
The first synthetic (or semisynthetic) polymer studied by Schoenbein and produced
commercially in 1869
1855
Fick employed cellulose nitrate membrane in his classic study
Ueber Diffusion
1866
Fick, Traube, artificial membranes (nitrocellulose)
1907
Bechhold, pore size control, “ultrafiltration”
1927
Sartorius company, membranes available commercially
1945
German scientists, methods for bacterial culturing
1957
USPH, officially accepts membrane procedure
1958
Sourirajan, first success in desalinating water
The main advances in membrane technology (1960-1980) began in 1960
with the invention of the first asymmetric integrally skinned cellulose ace-
tate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane
,
. This development simulated both
commercial and academic interest, first in desalination by reverse osmosis,
and then in other membrane applications and processes. During this period,
significant progress was made in virtually every phase of membrane tech-
nology: applications, research tools, membrane formation processes, chemi-
cal and physical structures, configurations, and packaging.
