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and tracking the best individual. And, the fitness value is the unique condition to indi-
vidual evolution. All individuals compete and cooperate to improve their own quality
decided by fitness value. However, the individual evolution only counts on competi-
tion and cooperation to cause that the similarity among individual is quite high. The
individuals tend to falling into local optimal solution in the higher similarity.
However, for the aspect of sociology, the conflict between individuals in an organi-
zation is the main motivation of advancement in Conflict Theory. The cooperation,
competition and conflict are required to progress the evolution of organization
simultaneously. A harmonious organization lacks of innovation and motivation to im-
pede the development. And the individual in a harmonious organization does not con-
tribution to innovation, problem-solving, and creativity. The conflict is able to motive
individuals to think innovation and renovate organization. The conflict is produced by
character difference, behavior inconsistency, strategic discrepancy and all that. The
organization will be substantially advanced by conflict to increase competitiveness and
enhance quality. The conflict behavior can benefit the organization development
through the evolution of organization culture, nice communication, organization re-
combination and encouragement competition if the conflict strategies are properly
utilized. Therefore, the healthful conflict benefits the organization development.
According to above description about the organization advancement in sociology,
the conflict behavior is studied to create a novel conception of collective-effect in this
study. The conflict is caused by (1) the individuals seek different objectives, (2) the
behaviors between individuals are inconsistent or exclusionary, (3) the adopted strate-
gies are contradictive among individuals in an organization. In EC, a population is
regarded as an organization. The individuals cooperate and compete for each other so
that the individuals are very similar. The higher similarity causes the lower diversity
of population to deteriorate the performance efficiency. Hence, the conflict behavior
is considered to increase the difference of individual in a population. The individuals
in a population cooperate, compete and conflict each other to advance the population
diversity in the proposed Next-Generation ECs (EC 2.0).
Bat Algorithm (BA) is a new evolutionary computing technology and proposed by
Xin-She Yang in 2010 [6]. In this study, the search strategies of evolution in BA are
improved by the properties of context-awareness and collective-effect to design Guid-
able Bat Algorithm (GBA). Therefore, GBA is a typical paradigm of EC 2.0. The bats
governed in guidable search with context-awareness are able to regularly move based
on Doppler Effect. Moreover, in divers search, the conflict conception is considered
in the property of collective-effect. The bats select new location according to the dif-
ference between their own location and another location. The conflict conception
enable to increases the population diversity to enhance the performance efficiency of
GBA. This study is the first to employ conflict behaviors of individuals as a kind of
collective-effect in swarms. The conceived EC 2.0 is close to real world.
In the rest of this paper, related work about BA and its development are reviewed
in Section 2. A paradigm of EC 2.0, GBA, applied to solve the optimization problems
is presented in Section 3. The evolutionary steps of GBA are also elaborated in detail
in this section. In Section 4, there is a series of simulation to verify the performance
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