Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
1.
Social indicators:
human health and demographic dynamics (fertility, morbid-
ity, mortality etc.); environmental properties of food products; life sustaining
infrastructure (such as drinking water, level of sanitation); opportunities for rec-
reation; environmental awareness and legal consciousness; share of public in-
volved in making of environmentally significant decisions etc.
2.
Economic indicators:
competitiveness of environmentally friendly products
and technologies; investments into upgrading and modernisation of production
and into environmental protection systems; reduction of materials and energy
consumption, development of recycling technologies; production and consumption
of renewable resources etc.
3.
Environmental indicators:
quality level of different environmental components
(quality of atmospheric air, biodiversity, proportion of ploughed land, sealed
land, quantity and quality of water etc.); environmental stresses (pollution of
atmospheric air, water, soil, contamination with solid wastes and toxic sub-
stances, land degradation, emissions of greenhouse gases, environmental disas-
ters etc.); development state of the instruments for environmental protection
(e.g. setting standards and thresholds, environmental taxes, licensing, subsidies,
planning, environmental assessment - EIA and SEA, environmental audit, en-
vironmental liability etc.); the degree of integration of environmental concerns
into development policies, plans and programmes; transboundary environ-
mental impacts etc.
4.
Institutional indicators:
ability of public authorities to address environmental
issues; transparency and accountability of public authorities; informing public
about development strategies and related environmental problems; presence
and efficiency of relevant environmental institutions on all tiers of planning and
administration (international, national, regional, sectoral) etc.
5.
Structural indicators:
mutual consistency of policies, plans and programmes in
addressing environmental issues; cooperation of public authorities and NGOs in
addressing environmental issues etc.
The proposed system of indicators would require specification and elaboration at
every level of planning and administration - national, regional, municipal.
13.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
As illustrated in this chapter, a variety of internal and external factors determine
the necessity of implementing the principles of sustainable development in
Ukraine. The system of environmental and resource management that has been
formed is highly inefficient. Building the eco-social market economy, while pro-
viding for the three main constituent parts of sustainable development - environ-
mental safety, economic stability and social welfare, became a strategic target for
Ukraine following independence. In support of a sustainable development policy,
Ukraine signed the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Con-
vention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. At the
same time, however, the implementation of SEA in Ukraine remains a difficult is-
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