Energy Challenges, Problems and Strategies in China - Implementing Environmental and Resource Management - page 113

estimated that direct combustion of coal has caused emission of 70%-80% or more
SO 2 , NOx, Hg, particulates and CO 2 (Ni 2007). During the period of China's 10th
Five Year Plan (2000-2004), the energy structure was adjusted and many small
and middle coal companies in poor condition were closed by government. How-
ever, it is far from enough.

80 80

% %

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0

1980 1988 1996 2004 1980 1988 1996 2004

(a) (b)

Coal Crude oil Natural gas Hydro-power, Nuclear,Power, Wind Power

Fig.11.7. China energy composition structure: (a) supply, (b) consumption

With reference to the energy consumption structure among different socio-
economic sectors, industrial energy consumption accounted for 71% of the total
consumption in 2007 ( Fig.11.8 ) . A large portion of industries, especially manufac-
turing, exhibited relatively high energy consumption per unit value of output
(Rosen and Houser 2007). This consumption structure has caused energy wastage
and also caused energy shortage for households and the agriculture sector (Jin
2003).

b) Inefficient Energy Consumption

One widely used factor of energy efficiency is energy consumption per unit of
GDP. This indicator reflects how much energy is used to produce one unit of
GDP. The data reveals that energy consumption per unit of GDP was 8.33 toe per
10 000 US$ in 2004 (NBSC 2008a). However, the world average was 2.65 toe per
10 000 US$, and the United States 1.99 toe per 10 000 US$ (see Table 11.4 ) . This
shows that energy consumption in China is still not efficient, although it has al-
ready achieved a great improvement in energy saving.