Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 10.2.
15-Years Alternative Energy Plan (2008-2022) (Source: DEDE 2008, Pongpi-
rodom 2008)
Existing
2008
Target
2011
Target
2011
Target
2016
Target
2016
Target
2022
Target
2022
Energy Type
Potential
Electricity
MW
MW
MW
ktoe
MW
ktoe
MW
ktoe
Solar
50,000
32
45
4
95
11
500
56
Wind
1,600
1
115
13
400
45
700
78
Mini-Hydro
700
50
156
16
281
73
324
85
Biomass
4,400
1,597
2,800
942 3,235
1,682
3,700 1,933
Biogas
190
29
60
27
90
40
120
54
MSW
320
5
100
45
130
87
160
96
Hydrogen
0
0
0
0
3.5
1
Total
1,714
3,276
1,047
4,231
1,938
5,508
2,303
Thermal
ktoe
ktoe
ktoe
ktoe
ktoe
Solar
100
0.3
5
17
34
Biomass
7,400
2,345
3,660
4,915
6,725
Biogas
470
79
370
540
600
MSW
78
25
35
Total
8,048
2,424
4,035
5,497
7,394
Biofuels
Ml/d
Ml/d
Ml/d
ktoe
Ml/d
ktoe
Ml/d
ktoe
Ethanol
5.4*
1.2
2.4
653
6.2
1,686
9.0
2,447
Biodiesel
3.3*
1.3
3.0
953
3.6
1,145
4.5
1,416
Hydrogen
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.1MKg
124
Total
2.4
5.4
1,606
9.8
2,831
13.5
3,987
Total Energy Demand (ktoe)
65,420
79,811
88,389
112,046
Renewable Energy Demand
(ktoe)
3,412
6,688
10,266
13,684
Ratio of RE Utilisation
5.2%
8.0%
11.6%
12.2%
Gas NGV (MMSCFD)**
91.5
345.0
826
1,035
Total Alternative Energy Demand
(ktoe)
9,204 17,556 22,819
Ratio of Alternative Energy Utilisation 11.5% 19.9% 20.4%
* Potential for ethanol and biodiesel production is calculated from material residues (pro-
duction, national consumption and exporting)
** MMSCFD = million standard cubic feet per day, a unit of measurement for liquids and
gases that is predominantly used in the United States. 1 feet
3
= 0.0283 m
3
The renewable programme, provided an extra incentive through the 'adder', and
announced the initial targets for renewable energy capacity being solicited from
various types of renewable energy sources (
Table 10.3
)
. The 'adder' costs for
MSW, wind, and solar energy was fixed. Apart from these 'adder' costs, e.g., for
biomass, the SPP's 'adder' was determined through a competitive bidding system
where the government issued a solicitation for 300 MW on 1 May 2007. There is
also an extra 'adder' for SPPs/VSPPs in the three Southern most provinces (Yala,
Pattani and Narathivath), with an additional 1.50 baht/kWh for wind and solar en-
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