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double by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2006). The WHO states that type 2 diabetes
can be prevented by physical activity, healthy eating, and prevention of obesity (World
Health Organization, 2006). In addition, WHO figures show that about 80% of people with
type 2 diabetes are from low- and middle-income countries (World Health Organization,
2006). Therefore, there is a need for low cost and easily available methods for management
of diabetes in order to improve the quality of living of most diabetes patients.
A number of previous studies have found phenolics from many common foods like
capsicum, cinnamon, and fenugreek to have the relevant phytochemical profile of,
α
-
glucosidase inhibition and low
-amylase inhibition coupled with free radical-scavenging-
linked antioxidant activity, for potential diabetes management (McCue et al., 2005; Kwon
et al., 2006, 2007). This offers the potential for good postprandial blood glucose manage-
ment via
α
α
-glucosidase inhibition without the common side effects associated with high
α
-amylase inhibition (McCue et al., 2005; Kwon et al., 2006, 2007). In addition, these same
foods have free radical-scavenging-linked antioxidant activity, which can help maintain the
redox balance in susceptible cells (McCue et al., 2005; Kwon et al., 2006, 2007). Since
apple is a common fruit with no known side effects, any
α
-glucosidase-inhibiting effects,
if found, are promising for type 2 diabetes management.
Based on the above background, we have explored the potential duel benefit of apple
phenolics for better postharvest preservation and health benefits. Specifically, phenolic-
linked changes were investigated during postharvest storage of apples. The objective was
to determine the changes in phenolic content over the storage period and its relevance to
postharvest preservation and concurrently determine any anti-diabetes-linked health bene-
fits that could be attributed to the phenolic content. The health-relevant parameters inves-
tigated were in vitro antioxidant activity and inhibition of
-amylase
relevant for glycemic index modulation. In addition, understanding of how inducible phe-
nolics and related antioxidant activity (both free radical and enzyme linked) are coupled
to the pentose phosphate pathway with positive consequences for postharvest preserva-
tion of apples was investigated. This was done by evaluating antioxidant enzyme activity,
proline content, phenolic content, and free radical-scavenging antioxidant activity, and ac-
tivity of key enzymes over a 3-month postharvest storage period. The enzymes evaluated
were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), pro-
line dehydrogenase (PDH), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and
catalase (CAT).
α
-glucosidase and
α
16.2 Synthesis, functions, and health benefits of phenolics
Phenolic phytochemicals are synthesized by a common biosynthetic pathway that incorpo-
rates precursors from both the shikimate and/or the acetate-malonate pathways (Mann,
1978; Strack, 1997). The first step in the synthesis of phenolic phytochemicals is the
commitment of glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), converting glucose-6-
phosphate irreversibly to ribulose-5-phosphate. This first committed step in the conversion
to ribulose-5-phosphate is carried out by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH).
The conversion to ribulose-5-phosphate also produces reducing equivalents (NADPH) for
cellular anabolic reactions (Fig. 16.1). PPP also generates erythrose-4-phosphate that along
with phosphoenolpyruvate, from glycolysis, is channeled to the shikimate pathway to pro-
duce phenylalanine, which is directed through the phenylpropanoid pathway to produce
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