Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
14.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
A
ND FUTURE DIRECTION
S
References
[1] M. Barberoglou, P. Tzanetakis, C. Fotakis, E. Stratakis,
E. Spanakis, V. Zorba, S. Rhizopoulou and S. Anastasi-
adis, Laser structuring of water-repellent biomimetic
surfaces, SPIE Newsroom, 19 January 2009.
http://spie.
[2] A. Ressine, G. Marko-Varga, and T. Laurell, Porous
silicon protein microarray technology and ultra-/supe-
rhydrophobic states for improved bioanalytical
readout,
Biotech Ann Rev
13
(2007), 149-200.
[3] W.R. Hansen and K. Autumn, Evidence for self-clean-
ing in gecko setae,
Proc Natl Acad Sci
102
(2005),
385-389.
[4] E. Arzt, S. Gorb, and R. Spolanek, From micro to nano
contacts in biological attachment devices,
Proc Natl
Acad Sci
100
(2003), 10603-10606.
[5] L.F. Boesel, C. Greiner, E. Arzt, and A. del Campo,
Gecko-inspired surfaces: a path to strong and reversible
dry adhesives,
Adv Mater
22
(2010), 2125-2137.
[6] M. Srinivasarao, Nano-optics in the biological world:
beetles, butterflies, birds, and moths,
Chem Rev
99
(1999), 1935-1961.
[7] P. Vukusic and J.R. Sambles, Photonic structures in
biology,
Nature
424
(2003), 852-855.
[8] M.D. Shawkey, N.I. Morehouse, and P. Vukusic, A
protean palette: colour materials and mixing in birds
and butterflies,
J R Soc Interf
6
(2009), S221-S231.
[9] S. Kinoshita, S. Yoshioka, and J. Miyazaki, Physics of
structural
In general, the aim of bioreplication is to mimic
biological structures in semiconductors, metals,
and polymers for a wide range of technological
applications beyond what nature intended. As
we have discussed in this chapter, solution-based
routes provide an appealing, simple pathway for
generating structurally complex architectures
with feature sizes covering several length scales.
With a wide range of chemistries at our dis-
posal, scientists have begun to explore applica-
tions beyond those discussed here, such as
biohybrid
materials built upon previously formed
natural or synthetic inorganic solids to host
organic components. This organic counterpart
can be intercalated between two-dimensional
solids or embedded in three-dimensional
mesoporous structures for applications in regen-
erative medicine, biodegradable materials for
food packaging, and separation membranes
[55]
.
In addition, it has been shown how biological
species have myriad photonic structures to effi-
ciently interact with light. The results of these
interactions include large angular fields of view,
reduced surface reflection, Bragg diffraction, and
multiple scattering. Researchers are now generat-
ing replicas of such structures to capture and store
solar energy with specific functionalities, such as
light-harvesting components and catalysts that
could be used for solar fuel production
[56]
.
These and other new biomimetic and biotem-
plated structures and three-dimensional frame-
work materials lend themselves to exciting new
applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, sepa-
rations, energy absorption, and tissue engineer-
ing, and provide fertile ground for researchers
exploring
colors,
Rep
Prog
Phys
71
(2008),
76401-76500.
[10] O. Paris, I. Burgert, and P. Fratzl, Biomimetics and
biotemplating of natural materials,
MRS Bull
35
(2010),
219-225.
[11] M.R. Jorgensen and M.H. Bartl, Biotemplating routes to
three-dimensional photonic crystals,
J Mater Chem
21
(2011), 10583-10591.
[12] D.P. Pulsifer and A. Lakhtakia, Background and survey
of bioreplication techniques,
Bioinsp Biomim
6
(2011),
031001.
[13] G. Zuccarello, D. Scribner, R. Sands, and L.J. Buckley,
Materials for bio-inspired optics,
Adv Mater
14
(2002),
1261-1264.
[14] T.-X. Fan, S.-K. Chow, and D. Zhang, Biomorphic min-
eralization: from biology to materials,
Prog Mater Sci
54
(2009), 542-659.
[15] T. Saison, C. Perez, V. Chauveau, S. Berthier, E. Sonder-
gard, and H. Arribart, Replication of butterfly wing and
natural lotus leaf structures by nanoimprint on silica
sol-gel films,
Bioinsp Biomim
3
(2008), 046004.
[16] A.J. Schulte, K. Koch, M. Spaeth, and W. Barthlott, Bio-
mimetic replicas: transfer of complex architectures with
different optical properties from plant surfaces onto
technical materials,
Acta Biomater
5
(2009), 1848-1854.
technological
solutions
using
bioreplication techniques.
Acknowledgments
We thank Matthew Jorgensen, Jeremy Galusha, and Moussa
Barhoum for valuable discussions and contributions.