Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 14.3 Examples of structural colors in biology. Photographs of (a) the blue wings of the butterfly Papilio ulysses ,
(b) the reflective skin of the cuttlefish Sepia apama , (c) the yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens , and (d) the red-striped exoskel-
eton pattern covering the beetle Pachyrhynchus moniliferus . Electron microscopy images of the periodic biopolymeric nano-
structures producing structural colors in butterfly wings and beetle exoskeleton scales are shown in (e) and (f), respectively.
(a) and (c) adapted from Ref. 8 and reproduced by permission of The Royal Society; (b) adapted from Ref. 57 and reproduced
by permission of The Royal Society; (d) adapted from Ref. 26 and reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chem-
istry; (e) adapted from Ref. 58 and reproduced by permission of The Royal Society. (For interpretation of the references to
color in this igure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this topic.)
features of replicated samples. Unfortunately,
these classifications are often used very loosely,
interchangeably, and sometimes incorrectly.
Since this can lead to ambiguities and misinter-
pretation, in the following section we provide
clear definitions of these terms and use them
accordingly in the remainder of this chapter.
(Bio)templating . We use this term for any pro-
cess translating the geometrical and surface fea-
tures of a given structure (a template) into a
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