Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
diseases. Design and fabrication of new multifunctional contrast
agents that enable enhanced detection, diagnosis, and imaging at
molecular levels for such integrated imaging modality are, therefore,
of great importance. Rare earth based nanomaterials, due to their
interesting magnetic and fluorescent properties, have attracted
strong interests as potential multimodal contrast agents. Most
recent studies reported the fabrication of MRI/optical imaging rare
earth based contrast agents, and a significant number of such studies
demonstrated
MRI and optical
imaging. Continual and concerted efforts are needed to translate
such application to preclinical or clinical applications. Issues to be
addressed include nanomaterials biocompatibility, higher contrast
for imaging, and also the presence of a chemically and biologically
active surface with a variety of functional groups for conjugation of
therapeutic agents and/or for cell targetability. Toxicity is another
major issue needed to be addressed. More comprehensive
in vitro
and, to a lesser extent,
in vivo
in vivo
and
pharmacological and toxicological studies are needed to
thoroughly assess the safety of such nanomaterials.
in vitro
References
1. Weissleder, R., and Pittet, M. J. (2008) Imaging in the era of molecular
oncology,
Nature
,
452
(7187), 580-589.
2. Weissleder, R., and Mahmood, U. (2001) Molecular imaging,
Radiology
,
219
(2), 316-333.
3. Weissleder, R. (2006) Molecular imaging in cancer,
Science
,
312
(5777),
1168-1171.
4. Cassidy, P. J., and Radda, G. K. (2005) Molecular imaging perspectives,
J
(3), 133-144.
5. Jaffer, F. A., and Weissleder, R. (2005) Molecular imaging in the clinical
arena,
.
R
.
Soc
.
Interface
,
2
J
.
Am
.
Med
.
Assoc
.,
293
(7), 855-862.
6. Louie, A. (2010) Multimodality imaging probes: design and challenges,
Chem
.
Rev
.,
110,
3146-3195.
7. Lakkaraju, A.,
et al
. PET/CT in primary musculoskeletal tumours: a
step forward,
Eur
.
Radiol
.,
20
(12), 2959-2972, DOI: 10.1007/s00330-
010-1862-z
8. Maurer, A. H. (2008) Combined imaging modalities: PET/CT and
SPECT/CT,
Health
Phys
,
95
(5), 571-576.
